TABLE 2.

List of the best-known bioactive peptides detected in PR cheese samples after in vitro simulated digestion.

Amino Acids Sequence	Protein	Position	Reported biological effect	References
QL	α-S1-casein	97–98	DPP-IV Inhibitory/anti-diabetic	Barati et al., 2020
EAMPAK	β-casein	100–105	Antimicrobial	Sedaghati et al., 2016
YY	α-S1-casein	165–166	ACE-inhibitory	Fuglsang et al., 2003
YLG	α-S1-casein	91–93	Antioxidant/improves cognitive decline	del Mar Contreras et al., 2013; Nagai et al., 2019; Amigo et al., 2020
EL	α-S1-casein	39–40, 141–142, 148–149	Antioxidant	Suetsuna et al., 2000
HKEMPFPK	β-casein	106–113	Antimicrobial	Sedaghati et al., 2016
YL	α-S1-casein	91–92, 94–95	ACE-inhibitory	Mullally et al., 1996
AVPYPQR	β-casein	177–183	Antioxidant/Antimicrobial/ACE-inhibitory	Rival et al., 2001; Tonolo et al., 2020
VLPVPQK	β-casein	170–176	Antioxidant/Antimicrobial/ACE-inhibitory/Wound healing/Osteoanabolic/anti-apoptotic effect	Shanmugam et al., 2015; Vij et al., 2016; Devi et al., 2020
RELEEL	β-casein	1–6	Antioxidant	Liu et al., 2020
AMKPW	α-S2-casein	189–193	ACE-inhibitory	Maeno et al., 1996
EMPFPK	β-casein	108–113	Increase MUC4 expression/Bradykinin-Potentiating/Antimicrobial/ACE-inhibitory	Pihlanto-Leppälä et al., 1998; Perpetuo et al., 2003; Plaisancié et al., 2015; Sedaghati et al., 2016
SDIPNPIGSENSEK	α-S1-casein	180–193	Antimicrobial	Hayes et al., 2006
VLPVPQ	β-casein	170–175	Inhibition of cholesterol solubility	Jiang et al., 2020
YPEL	α-S1-casein	146–149	Antioxidant	Suetsuna et al., 2000
LNVPGEIVE	β-casein	6–14	ACE-inhibitory	Gobbetti et al., 2000
YPVEPF	β-casein	114–119	Opioid/Increase MUC4 expression/DPP-IV Inhibitory/Antioxidant/Antimicrobial	Jinsmaa and Yoshikawa, 1999; Plaisancié et al., 2015; Nongonierma and Fitzgerald, 2016; Nongonierma et al., 2018
GPFPI	β-casein	203–207	Cathepsin B Inhibitory	Nakagomi et al., 2002
VYPFPGPIPN	β-casein	59–68	Antioxidant	Eisele et al., 2013
VYPFPGPI	β-casein	59–66	prolyl endopeptidase-inhibitory	Asano et al., 1992
YQEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV	β-casein	193–209	immunomodulatory, antithrombin, Antimicrobial, ACE-inhibitory, Immunomodulatory	Yamamoto et al., 1994; Birkemo et al., 2009
Gamma-Glu-Tyr			DPP-IV Inhibitory, potential functional ingredients in type 2 diabetic diet	Lu et al., 2021
Gamma-Glu-Phe			Promotion of cholecystokinin (CCK)/and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion	Lu et al., 2021
Gamma-Glu-Leu			DPP-IV Inhibitory, potential functional ingredients in type 2 diabetic diet	Lu et al., 2021