Table 2. Operative data and perioperative parameters.
| Operative data | OPEN (n=28) | ET (n=17) | P* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n=17) | TET (n=7) | NET (n=10) | |||
| Axillary surgery, n (%) | 0.10 | ||||
| SLNB | 13 (46.4) | 12 (70.6) | 4 (57.1) | 8 (80.0) | |
| ALND | 15 (53.6) | 5 (29.4) | 3 (42.9) | 2 (20.0) | |
| Reconstruction surgery, n (%) | |||||
| LDMF and implant | 6 (21.4) | 7 (41.2) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (60.0) | 0.14 |
| LDMF | 22 (78.6) | 10 (58.8) | 6 (85.7) | 4 (40.0) | |
| Implant volume (cc) | 150–355 | 150–395 | 270 | 150–395 | – |
| LDMF, mean ± SD | |||||
| Length | 21.3±5.2 | 20.7±6.2 | 15.3±3.1 | 24.1±5.2 | 0.64 |
| Width | 9.7±1.4 | 9.6±1.8 | 9.2±1.9 | 9.9±1.8 | 0.85 |
| Operation time (min) | |||||
| Median | 401.0 | 490.0 | 570.0 | 382.5 | 0.06 |
| Range | 226–520 | 185–665 | 435–604 | 185–665 | |
| Mean ± SD | 400.9±67.3 | 451.7±154.9 | 531.6±69.6 | 395.8±176.0 | |
| Perioperative parameters | |||||
| Complications#, n (%) | 17 (60.7) | 6 (35.3) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (30.0) | 0.09 |
| Chest hematoma/hemorrhage | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Donor-site hematoma/hemorrhage | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Breast skin flap necrosis | 3 (10.7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Donor-site skin necrosis | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| LDMF necrosis | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Implant loss | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Infection | 2 (7.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Chest seroma | 3 (10.7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Donor-site seroma | 9 (32.1) | 4 (23.5) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (20.0) | |
| Hypopigmentation of nipple areola | 4 (14.3) | 3 (17.6) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (10.0) | |
| Hospital stay (days), mean ± SD | 11.0±3.5 | 10.2±3.1 | 10.0±4.3 | 9.4±2.2 | 0.09 |
| Overall medical expenses (USD), mean ± SD | |||||
| Overall | 4,462±1,248 | 6,298±1,473 | <0.001 | ||
| LDMF and implant | 6,157±899 | 7,477±1,131 | 0.045 | ||
| LDMF | 4,000±875 | 5,472±1,075 | 0.002 | ||
*, P values represent inter-group comparison between OPEN and ET (including TET and NET); #, The number of patients was not the sum of each of the complications, as some of the patients suffered >1 complication. OPEN, open surgery; ET, endoscopic technique; TET, traditional endoscopic technique; NET, novel endoscopic technique; SLNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALND, axillary lymph node dissection; LDMF, latissimus dorsi muscle flap; USD, United States dollar.