TABLE 2.

Alkaloids with anti-hepatic fibrosis effect.

No.	Compounds	Source	Molecular formula	Mechanisms	Refs
1	Acanthus ilicifolius alkaloid A	Acanthus ilicifolius L.	C7H5NO3	Inhibiting inflammatory response;	Wai et al. (2015)
				Reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress
2	Berberine	Coptis chinensis Franch.	C20H18NO4	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses	Eissa et al. (2018)
3	Betaine	Beta vulgaris L.	C5H11NO2	Reducing oxidative stress response	Shedid et al. (2019)
4	Caffeine	Coffea arabica L.	C8H10N4O2	Inhibiting TGF-β-induced CTGF expression by inhibiting Smad2/3 phosphorylation and up-regulating PPARγ receptor	Gressner et al. (2008)
5	Capsaicin	Capsicum annuum L.	C18H27NO3	Inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad pathway	Choi et al. (2017)
6	Conophylline	Catharanthus roseusvar. albus Lochnera rosea var. flava	C44H50N4O10	Inhibiting HSCs activation and induction of apoptosis	Kubo et al. (2014)
7	Evodiamine	Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth	C19H17N3O	Inhibiting TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 signaling pathway expression	Yang et al. (2018)
8	Ligustrazine	Ligusticum chuanxiong hort.	C8H12N2	Inhibiting HSCs activation by interfering with PDGF-βR	Zhang et al. (2018)
9	Matrine	Sophora flavescens Alt.	C15H24N2O	Inhibiting TGF-β1 expression, enhance the activity of hepatocyte growth factor	Yu et al. (2014)
10	Neferine	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	C38H44N2O6	Decreasing expression of TGF-β1 in the liver	Mo-Si Chen et al. (2015)
11	Oxymatrine	Sophora flavescens Alt.	C15H24N2O2	Regulating TLR4-dependent inflammation and TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Zhao et al. (2016)
12	Tetrandrine	Stephania tetrandra S. Moore	C38H42N2O6	Inhibiting NF-κB transcriptional activity induced by TNF-α; Inhibiting TGF-β1-induced α-SMA secretion and collagen deposition in HSC-T6 cells	Hsu et al. (2007)