Table 1.

Benefit indicators and measurements for the evaluation of candidate restoration sites

Category	Benefit indicator	Description/Metric	Goal	References
Flood risk	FR1 beneficiaries	Number of addresses in the floodplain within 4km radius and downstream from site	Maximize	Bousquin et al. (2015)
	FR2 quality	Size (hectares) of site	Maximize
	FR3 substitution	Number of dams/levees 4km radius and downstream from site	Minimize
	FR4 substitution	Percent area of wetlands within 4km radius of site	Minimize
Scenic views	SV1 beneficiaries	Number of addresses within 50m of site	Maximize	Mazzotta et al. (2016)
	SV2 beneficiaries	Number of addresses between 50–100m of site	Maximize
	SV3 access	Roads or trails within 100m of site	Yes
	SV4 complementarity	Number of natural land use types within 200m of site	Maximize
	SV5 substitution	Percent area of wetlands within 200m of site	Minimize
Education	E1 beneficiaries	Number of educational institutions within 400m radius of site	Maximize	Mazzotta et al. (2016)
	E2 substitution	Percent area of wetlands within 800m of site	Minimize
Recreation	R1 beneficiaries (walking)	Number of addresses within 536m of site	Maximize	Mazzotta et al. (2016)
	R2 beneficiaries (driving)	Number of addresses between 536–805m of site	Maximize
	R3 beneficiaries (driving)	Number of addresses between 805m-10km of site	Maximize
	R4 access	Bike trails within 536m of site	Yes
	R5 access	Bus stops within 536m of site	Yes
	R6 quality	Size (hectares) of site and adjacent green space	Maximize
	R7 substitution	Percent area of green space within 1.1km but not adjacent to site	Minimize
	R8 substitution	Percent area of green space between 1.1–1.6km but not adjacent to site	Minimize
	R9 substitution	Percent area of green space between 1.6–19km but not adjacent to site	Minimize
Bird watching	BW1 beneficiaries	Number of addresses within 322m of site	Maximize	Mazzotta et al. (2016)
	BW2 access	Roads or trails within 322m of site	Yes
Social equity	S1 social vulnerability	Proximity-based percent of total area of social vulnerability to environmental hazards within 4km of site; based on demographics (e.g., race, class, wealth, age, ethnicity, employment) and other factors	Maximizea	Cutter et al. (2003); NOAAb
Reliability	RE1 reliability	Assurance that a site will continue to provide benefits over time, in the face of development stressors. Measured percentage of lands within 152m of site designated as conservation, parks & open space, reserve, or water land use categories	Maximize	Mazzotta et al. (2016)

^aHighly vulnerable areas are less able to recover from environmental hazards because they are in lower income, ethnically diverse areas. We assume that a high social vulnerability index is preferable because the site provides access to people who are less able to access benefits otherwise.

^bNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Information at https://coast.noaa.gov/dataregistry/search/collection/info/sovi