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. 2022 Sep 6;24:59. doi: 10.1186/s13058-022-01554-8

Table 3.

Odds ratiosa for the association between methylation-based measures of breast cancer risk factors and risk of breast cancer

Methylation-based measures MCCS EPIC-IARC EPIC-Italy PLCO I2 (%) Pooled P
OR [95%CI] OR [95%CI] OR [95%CI] OR [95%CI] OR [95%CI]
Epigenetic aging
 AA-Horvathb 0.95 [0.81–1.10] 1.22 [1.02–1.47] 0.89 [0.73–1.08] 1.05 [0.93–1.18] 57 1.02 [0.95–1.10] 0.59
 IEAA-Horvathb 0.96 [0.83–1.10] 1.23 [1.03–1.47] 0.88 [0.72–1.06] 1.07 [0.95–1.20] 62 1.03 [0.96–1.11] 0.40
 EEAAb 0.99 [0.84–1.18] 1.15 [0.94–1.41] 0.86 [0.70–1.06] 1.06 [0.92–1.22] 31 1.02 [0.93–1.11] 0.67
 AA-Hannumb 0.97 [0.83–1.14] 1.19 [0.97–1.45] 0.86 [0.70–1.06] 1.09 [0.96–1.24] 51 1.03 [0.95–1.12] 0.43
 IEAA-Hannumb 0.98 [0.84–1.13] 1.18 [0.98–1.42] 0.88 [0.72–1.08] 1.08 [0.96–1.22] 45 1.04 [0.96–1.12] 0.34
 PhenoAge 0.97 [0.83–1.14] 1.12 [0.94–1.34] 0.89 [0.73–1.10] 1.03 [0.91–1.17] 4 1.01 [0.94–1.09] 0.75
 GrimAge 1.03 [0.86–1.25] 1.08 [0.90–1.30] 0.94 [0.79–1.13] 1.05 [0.91–1.21] 0 1.03 [0.94–1.12] 0.53
Lifestyle-related factors
 BMI methylation score 1.17 [1.01–1.36] 1.06 [0.92–1.23] 1.25 [1.03–1.52] 1.02 [0.91–1.15] 26 1.10 [1.02–1.18] 0.01
 Adjusted BMI scorec 1.11 [0.96–1.28] 1.02 [0.88–1.17] 1.27 [1.04–1.55] 1.06 [0.94–1.19] 12 1.09 [1.01–1.17] 0.02
 Smoking methylation score 0.98 [0.84–1.14] 0.95 [0.82–1.11] 1.11 [0.90–1.35] 1.13 [1.00–1.27] 24 1.04 [0.97–1.12] 0.25
 Adjusted smoking scorec 1.01 [0.87–1.17] 0.94 [0.81–1.09] 1.13 [0.94–1.34] 1.08 [0.97–1.22] 6 1.04 [0.97–1.12] 0.29
 Alcohol methylation score 0.95 [0.82–1.11] 1.01 [0.87–1.17] 0.83 [0.67–1.03] 1.07 [0.95–1.20] 32 1.00 [0.93–1.07] 0.91
 Adjusted alcohol scorec 0.95 [0.82–1.11] 0.96 [0.83–1.12] 0.85 [0.69–1.05] 1.03 [0.91–1.16] 0 0.97 [0.90–1.04] 0.42

Bold values indicate results pooled across the four studies

aAdjusting for white blood cell proportions, BMI, smoking and alcohol consumption

bThese models were not adjusted for white blood cell proportions because these are integrated in the IEAA and EEAA measures

cResiduals from the regression of the scores on the log of their respective lifestyle variables