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. 2022 Sep 6;19:218. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02582-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The overall design of Mendelian randomization analysis in the present study. Assumption 1, the genetic variants are supposed to be strongly associated with the risk of interest; Assumption 2, the genetic variants should not be associated with any confounding factors; and Assumption 3, the genetic variants should affect the risk of the outcome only mediated by the exposures. AD, Alzheimer’ s Disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CES, cardioembolic stroke; IV, instrumental variable; LAS, large-artery atherosclerosis stroke; MR, Mendelian randomization; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, Parkinson’s Disease; sTrem1, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 1; SVS, small-vessel stroke