Table 1.
Effect of sarcoma-derived exosomes on the TME cells
| Sarcoma type | TME cells | Exosomal cargos | Mechanisms | Clinical significance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OS | Macrophages | Tim-3 | Induce conversion to M2 macrophages | Pre-metastatic lung formation↑ | [40] |
| LPS | Macrophages | miR-25-3p, miR-92a-3p | Increase IL-6 secretion via TLR7/8-dependent pathway | Progression↑ | [41] |
| OS | Osteoclasts; endothelial cells | miR-21-5p, miR-148a-3p | Promote bone remodeling; enhance angiogenesis | Metastasis↑ | [42] |
| OS | Osteoblasts; osteoclasts; endothelial cells | \ | Promote bone remodeling; facilitate angiogenesis via VEGF/ANGPT2/FGF2-mediated mechanism | Progression and metastasis↑ | [43] |
| OS | Monocytes | miR-501-3p | Promote bone remodeling via PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway | Metastasis↑ | [45] |
| OS | Osteoclasts | miR-146a-5p | Promote bone remodeling via IkBa/NF-kB pathway | Metastasis↑ | [46] |
| OS, FS | Monocytes | \ | Transform the monocyte phenotype to inhibit CD4+ T cells | Immune suppression↑ | [49] |
| OS | Macrophages | \ | Induce conversion to M2 macrophages | Immune suppression↑ | [50] |
| OS | Macrophages | Rab22a-NeoF1, PYK2 | Activate RhoA and STAT-3 | Pre-metastatic lung formation↑ | [14] |
| EWS | CD33+ and CD14+ cells | \ | Impede dendritic cell differentiation and maturation | Immune suppression↑ | [55] |
| OS | CD11b+ Gr-1+ cells | \ | Induce CD11b+ cells infiltration to lung | Pre-metastatic lung formation↑ | [56] |
| OS | MSCs | \ | Induce MSCs phenotypic conversion | Progression and metastasis↑ | [58] |
| OS | MSCs | \ | Induce LINE-1 hypomethylations for MSCs transformation | Progression and metastasis↑ | [59] |
| MFS | Fibroblasts | miR-1260b | Decrease PCDH9 level | Progression and Infiltration↑ | [67] |
| OS | Fibroblasts | \ | Induce fibroblast phenotypic conversion | Progression↑ | [68] |
| OS | Fibroblasts | TGF-β1 | Induce myofibroblast/CAFs differentiation | Pre-metastatic lung formation↑ | [70] |
| OS | Endothelial cells; OS cells | EWSAT1 | Promote angiogenesis; regulate Akt and Erk signaling via EWSAT1/miR-326/KRas ceRNA mechanism | Progression↑ | [73] |
OS, osteosarcoma; miR, microRNA; LPS, liposarcoma; TLR7/8, toll-like receptor 7 and 8; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ANGPT2, angiopoietin 2; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 kinase; Akt, AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog; IkBa, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; FS, fibrosarcoma; RhoA, Ras homolog gene family, member A; STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; EWS, Ewing’s sarcoma; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; LINE-1, long interspersed element; MFS, myxofibrosarcoma; PCDH9, protocadherin 9; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; EWSAT1, Ewing sarcoma associated transcript 1; Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; KRas, v-Ki-ras2Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; ceRNA, competing endogenous RNA