Table 2.
Effect of TME-derived exosomes on the sarcoma cells
| TME cells | Sarcoma type | Exosomal cargos | Mechanisms | Clinical significance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAMs | OS | \ | Promote anti-tumor response; activate caspase-3 and -7 | Progression↓ | [51] |
| TAMs | OS | miR-221-3p | Activate JAK2/STAT3 pathway | Progression and metastasis↑ | [52] |
| TAMs | OS | lncRNA LIFR-AS1 | Activate miR-29a/NFIA axis | Progression and metastasis↑ | [53] |
| MSCs | OS | \ | Decrease hsa-miR-195 and hsa-miR-124, increase hsa-miR-148a | Progression and metastasis↑ | [60] |
| MSCs | OS | miR-21-5p | Activate PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Progression↑ | [61] |
| ADSC | OS | \ | Up-regulate COLGALT2, vimentin, and MMP2/9 | Progression and metastasis↑ | [62] |
| MSCs | OS | \ | Activate Hedgehog pathway | Progression↑ | [63] |
| MSCs | OS | miRNA-208a | Activate ERK1/2 pathway | Progression and metastasis↑ | [64] |
| MSCs | ATRT | miR-155 | Down-regulate SMARCA4 | Metastasis↑ | [65] |
| MSCs | OS | lncRNA PVT1 | Increase ERG level | Progression and metastasis↑ | [66] |
| CAFs | OS | lncRNA SNHG17 | Activate miR-2861/MMP2 axis | Progression↑ | [71] |
| OS cells | OS | uPA | Activate uPA/uPAR axis | Metastasis↑ | [69] |
| EWS cells | EWS | miR-210 | Down-regulate CASP8AP2 | Progression↑ | [28] |
| OS cells | OS | hsa-circ-103801 | Reduce cisplatin sensitivity, inhibit apoptosis, and increase MRP-1 and P-glycoprotein expression | Chemoresistance↑ | [91] |
| OS cells | OS | MDR-1 mRNA, P-glycoprotein | Increase MDR-1 mRNA, P-glycoprotein | Chemoresistance↑ | [96] |
TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; OS, osteosarcoma; miR, microRNA; JAK2, Janus Kinase 2; STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; LIFR-AS1, Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor antisense RNA 1; NFIA, nuclear factor I A; MSCs, Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; hsa-miR, homo sapiens microRNA; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt, AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PIK3R1, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1; ADSC, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; COLGALT2, collagen beta (1-O) galactosyltransferase 2; MMP2/9, matrix metalloproteinases-2 and-9; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; ATRT, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; SMARCA4, SWI/SNF Related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily A, member 4; PVT1, plasmacytoma variant translocation 1; ERG, ETS-related gene; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; SNHG17, Small nucleolar RNA host gene 17; MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase 2; uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator; uPAR, uPA receptor; CASP8AP2, caspase 8 associated protein 2; MRP-1, multidrug resistance-associated protein-1; MRP-1, multidrug resistance-1