Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort (N = 938)
| No myopia (N = 459) | Low myopia (N = 225) | High myopia (N = 254) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | 399 (86.9) | 199 (88.4) | 218 (85.8) | 0.69 |
| Age (years) | 30.26 ± 5.72 | 30.69 ± 5.12 | 31.21 ± 6.11 | 0.10 |
| Smoking, active (%) | 103 (22.4) | 43 (19.1) | 36 (14.2) | 0.02 |
| Alcohol intake, active (%) | 104 (22.7) | 56 (24.9) | 44 (17.3) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.17 ± 3.65 | 25.72 ± 4.00 | 25.59 ± 3.81 | 0.10 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.05 ± 10.26 | 84.60 ± 10.64 | 87.38 ± 11.59 | 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.21 ± 12.85 | 118.14 ± 12.42 | 123.67 ± 12.57 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.87 ± 10.96 | 72.26 ± 9.31 | 74.93 ± 10.33 | 0.02 |
| Refractive error (diopter) for right eye | 0.00 ± 0.05 | -2.92 ± 1.59 | -6.50 ± 0.42 | < 0.001 |
| Refractive error (diopter) for left eye | 0.00 ± 0.05 | -2.82 ± 1.65 | -6.39 ± 0.86 | < 0.001 |
| Blood biochemical tests | ||||
| Leucocyte count (103/mm3) | 7.16 ± 1.74 | 6.80 ± 1.58 | 7.01 ± 1.81 | 0.03 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dl) | 6.78 ± 1.49 | 6.36 ± 1.50 | 6.50 ± 1.33 | 0.001 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 142.49 ± 120.86 | 124.03 ± 86.69 | 134.22 ± 111.61 | 0.12 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 183.02 ± 34.54 | 180.04 ± 35.05 | 184.25 ± 35.95 | 0.40 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 93.44 ± 16.71 | 93.67 ± 13.81 | 93.13 ± 21.83 | 0.94 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 48.46 ± 9.90 | 48.73 ± 11.06 | 49.92 ± 11.92 | 0.21 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 110.74 ± 29.61 | 108.77 ± 31.49 | 109.27 ± 31.17 | 0.68 |
| DMFT index | ||||
| Actively dental caries numbers | 0.48 ± 1.19 | 0.64 ± 1.37 | 0.67 ± 1.51 | 0.13 |
| Missing teeth numbers | 0.92 ± 1.57 | 0.86 ± 1.34 | 0.80 ± 1.51 | 0.59 |
| Filled teeth numbers | 3.32 ± 3.49 | 4.14 ± 3.84 | 3.45 ± 3.35 | 0.01 |
| Participants with any actively decayed teeth | 110 (24.0) | 66 (29.3) | 68 (26.8) | 0.30 |
| Periodontitis severity | ||||
| Healthy | 287 (62.5) | 131 (58.2) | 149 (58.7) | 0.11 |
| Stage I | 49 (10.7) | 30 (13.3) | 19 (7.5) | |
| Stage II/III | 123 (26.8) | 64 (28.4) | 86 (33.9) | |
| Periodontitis grade* | ||||
| A | 356 (77.6) | 182 (80.9) | 218 (85.8) | 0.03 |
| B | 77 (16.8) | 36 (16.0) | 23 (9.1) | |
| C | 26 (5.7) | 7 (3.1) | 13 (5.1) | |
| Probing pocket depth, PPD (mm)‡ | 2.35 ± 0.47 | 2.77 ± 0.66 | 2.79 ± 0.98 | 0.19 |
| Sites with PPD 4–5 mm (%) | 1.22 ± 1.70 | 1.16 ± 1.69 | 1.58 ± 1.32 | 0.28 |
| Sites with PPD ≥ 6 mm (%) | 0.19 ± 0.53 | 0.29 ± 0.53 | 0.32 ± 0.76 | 0.22 |
| Clinical attachment loss, CAL (mm)‡ | 2.55 ± 0.66 | 3.02 ± 0.54 | 3.12 ± 0.58 | 0.22 |
| Sites with CAL 3–4 mm (%) | 2.67 ± 0.89 | 2.66 ± 0.31 | 2.65 ± 0.79 | 0.19 |
| Sites with CAL ≥ 5 mm (%) | 1.49 ± 1.93 | 1.74 ± 1.66 | 1.95 ± 1.56 | 0.34 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables as n (%). Analysis of variance was used to compared the variables among three myopic groups
DMFT, numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth
* For the grade of periodontitis, all participants were classified as grade A, according to merely the primary criteria of radiologic fining for bone loss/age (%) < 0.25. If the grade modifier of smoking status taken into account, the smokers with < 10 cigarettes/day were classified as grade B, and the smokers with ≥ 10 cigarettes/day were classified as grade C
‡ The definition for sites with specific levels of PPD (%) and CAL (%) were the numbers of site fit the criteria divided by the total numbers of full mouth sites detected