. 2022 Aug 30;3(3):031305. doi: 10.1063/5.0093399

TABLE I.

Comparison of different techniques used for treating MI considering the selected cell type, biomaterials, methods for evaluation, and limitations.

Treatment	Cell source	Biomaterials	Assessment Method in vivo	Limitations
Cell therapies	MSCs,^{205,207,210,213,216,217,233} iPSCs,^221–224 iCMs^{205,233–235}	–	LVEF, infarct size, electric activity, angiogenesis	Tumor formation, low retention, low cell survival, low cell maturity
Biomaterials based	MSCs,^270,294 endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs),^293,334 iPS-cardiac progenitor cells (iPS-CPCs),²⁹⁵ iCMs²⁹⁶	dECM,^{197,269–271,292} adamantane-modified HA (Ad-HA) and β-cyclodextrin-modified HA (CD-HA),^293,334 sodium alginate,²⁹⁴ MeHA,²⁹⁵ gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-hyaluronic acid (HA),²⁹⁶ elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs)²⁹⁷	Walk distance test (clinical),¹⁹⁷ LVEF, fractional shortening, cardiac muscle area angiogenesis, infarct size	Variations in biological response depending on the post-MI delivery time point, immune response
EVs	MSCs,^294,295 cardiac stromal cells (CSCs),²⁵³ iPSCs,²⁵⁰ iCMs,²⁵⁰ EPCs,^293,334 epicardial cells¹⁵⁰	MeHA,²⁹⁵ dECM,²⁵³ collagen,²⁵⁰ Ad-HA and CD-HA,^293,334 sodium alginate²⁹⁴	Cardiac function assessment, LVEF, fractional shortening, angiogenesis	Low retention, not yet mechanistically well-understood
Cardiac patches	Primary rat CMs,^{298,309,311,312,316,317,324,331–333} iCMs,^{36,41,60,177,299,300,306,320,321} iECs,^{300,306,320,321} FBs,^{41,60,300,306} human coronary artery endothelial cells,^305,317,333 H9C2 cardiomyoblasts,^307,319 rat bone marrow-derived stem cells (r-BMSCs),³¹⁰ ESCs,³¹³ CPCs,³¹⁸ smooth muscle cells,³²⁰ CSCs,^253,322 human dermal fibroblasts³³³	Fibrinogen–thrombin–matrigel,²⁹⁸ decellularized placenta,²⁹⁹ fibrin–matrigel–thrombin,³⁰⁰ collagen,^41,304 Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-PEG,³⁶ decellularized porcine myocardium slide,³⁰³ carbon nanotubes (CNTs) incorporated methacrylated collagen (MeCol)–alginate,³⁰⁵ nanocellulose-PGS-PPy,³⁰⁷ PU-PANI-SiO₂,³⁰⁸ nCe-PCL-gelatin,³⁰⁹ decellularized bovine pericardium,³¹⁰ oxidized alginate–gelatin–polyacrylic acid,³¹¹ cellulose,³¹² fibrin,^313,332 spider silk reinforced fibrin,³¹⁴ PCL-both ends capped with nitrates,³¹⁵ CNT-reinforced non-mulberry silk,³¹⁶ GelMA-colagen,⁶⁰ alginate–gelatin,³¹⁷ gelatin-HA,³¹⁸ PCL-PGS,³¹⁹ GelMA,³²⁰ decellularized human omental tissue,³²¹ fibrinogen–thrombin–aprotinin,³²² PPy-silk fibroin,³²⁴ methacrylated elastin-gelatin-CNTs,³³¹ decellularized porcine myocardium²⁵³	Infarct size, cardiac functionality LV wall thickness, LVEF, angiogenesis	Arrhythmias, endurance integration, immune response