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. 2022 Aug 23;13:965620. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.965620

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Copyright © 2022 Frasch, Bukhari and Yanagisawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Structural variations among the family of rotary ATP synthases and ATPases that are coupled to transmembrane proton, or rarely sodium, gradients. (A) F-type ATP synthases in bacteria and plant chloroplasts (pdb-IDs 6OQR and 6FKF). (B) F-type ATP synthases in mitochondria (pdb-ID 6B8H). (C) V-type ATPases in some bacteria such as E. hirae and V/A-type ATP synthases in archaebacteria (pdb-ID 6R0Z) (D) V-type ATPases in vacuoles (pdb-ID 3J9V). V-type motors are incapable of synthesizing ATP and are used to pump protons to create a transmembrane pH gradient.