Table A.IV:

Population Diversity and the Frequency of Civil Conflict Onset across Countries – Robustness to Accounting for Population Diversity as a Generated Regressor

Cross-country sample:	Global					Old World		Global
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	2SLS	2SLS
	Log number of new PRIO25 civil conflict onsets per year, 1960–2017
Population diversity (ancestry adjusted)	0.209*** (0.066)	0.439*** (0.103)	0.306*** (0.118)	0.318*** (0.123)	0.309** (0.138)	0.548*** (0.189)	0.597*** (0.227)	0.537*** (0.184)	0.602*** (0.223)
Continent dummies			×	×	×	×	×	×	×
Controls for geography		×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
Controls for ethnic diversity				×	×		×		×
Controls for institutions					×		×		×
Controls for oil, population, and income					×		×		×
Observations	150	150	150	150	147	123	121	150	147
Adjusted R2	0.029	0.189	0.213	0.215	0.358	0.225	0.392
Effect of 10th–90th %ile move in diversity	0.014*** (0.005)	0.029*** (0.007)	0.020** (0.008)	0.021** (0.009)	0.021** (0.010)	0.026** (0.011)	0.026** (0.012)	0.036*** (0.013)	0.041** (0.016)

Notes: This table conducts a robustness check on the results from the baseline cross-country analysis of the reduced-form impact of contemporary population diversity on the annual frequency of civil conflict onsets, as shown in Table. Specifically, it establishes robustness of the standard-error estimates to accounting for the fact that the country-level measure of contemporary population diversity is a generated regressor in the empirical specifications, because it is projected from implicit zeroth-stage relationships (a) between prehistoric migratory distance from East Africa and expected heterozygosity in the HGDP-CEPH sample of 53 ethnic groups, and (b) between pairwise migratory distance and pairwise F_ST genetic distance across all pairs of ethnic groups in this sample. To perform this robustness check, the current analysis adopts the two-step bootstrapping technique implemented by Ashraf and Galor (2013a) for computing the standard-error estimates, so the reader is referred to that work for additional details on the technique. The specifications examined in this table are otherwise identical to corresponding ones reported in Table I. The reader is therefore referred to Table I and the corresponding table notes for additional details on the baseline set of covariates considered by the current analysis as well as the identification strategy employed by the 2SLS regressions in the last two columns. The estimated effect associated with increasing population diversity from the tenth to the ninetieth percentile of its cross-country distribution is expressed in terms of the number of new conflict onsets per year. Bootstrapped standard errors, accounting for the use of a generated regressor, are reported in parentheses.

^***denotes statistical significance at the 1 percent level,

^**at the 5 percent level, and

^*at the 10 percent level.