Table 2.
Modern eating items and results of linear regressions with modern eating items as dependent variable and urban-rural as independent variable (n = 120).
| Item | Ba | SE | t | p | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Using plastic utensils while eating (e.g. plastic forks) (A) | −0.22 | 0.10 | −2.24 | .027b | .041 |
| 2. Eating foods from other countries’ cuisines (TO) | −0.38 | 0.09 | −4.30 | <.001 | .135 |
| 3. Drinking soft drinks (e.g. cola) during the main meal (M) | −0.38 | 0.09 | −4.34 | <.001 | .138 |
| 4. Eating food from vending machines (e.g. chips) (SO) | −0.58 | 0.14 | −4.32 | <.001 | .136 |
| 5. Eating foods that are imported from all over the world (SO) | −0.47 | 0.11 | −4.42 | <.001 | .142 |
| 6. Eating frozen meals (Proc) | −0.57 | 0.12 | −4.66 | <.001 | .155 |
| 7. Consuming diet drinks or foods (I) | −0.50 | 0.14 | −3.48 | .001 | .093 |
| 8. Eating while working (SA) | 0.33 | 0.12 | 2.82 | .006 | .063 |
| 9. Buying foods in supermarkets or chain stores (SO) | −0.52 | 0.12 | −4.37 | <.001 | .139 |
| 10. Using time-saving food preparation equipment such as microwave ovens (Prep) | −0.88 | 0.18 | −5.00 | <.001 | .175 |
| 11. Eating take-away or delivered meals (Prep) | −0.25 | 0.17 | −1.47 | .143 | .018 |
| 12. Eating fast food (e.g. hamburgers) (Proc) | −0.38 | 0.17 | −2.21 | .029b | .040 |
| 13. Eating alone outside of home (Soc) | −0.40 | 0.17 | −2.35 | .020 | .045 |
| 14. Eating pizza (TO) | −1.00 | 0.19 | −5.40 | <.001 | .198 |
| 15. Consuming artificial sweeteners (e.g. aspartame in diet drinks, to sweeten coffee or tea) (I) | −0.42 | 0.22 | −1.90 | .060 | .030 |
| 16. Eating ready-to-eat foods (e.g. premade sandwiches) (Prep) | −0.58 | 0.18 | −3.23 | .002 | .081 |
| 17. Eating at buffet or all-you-can-eat restaurants (SA) | −0.62 | 0.13 | −4.92 | <.001 | .170 |
| 18. Eating while being conscious of calorie content or nutritional value (C) | −0.77 | 0.23 | −3.35 | .001 | .087 |
| 19. Eating foods that are industrially mass produced (Proc) | −0.57 | 0.21 | −2.70 | .008 | .058 |
| 20. Throwing away food (A) | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.10 | .924 | .000 |
| 21. Drinking soft drinks (e.g. cola) (Proc) | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.08 | .934 | .000 |
| 22. Eating while walking/ traveling from one place to another (SA) | −0.23 | 0.15 | −1.59 | .116 | .021 |
| 23. Being concerned about eating too much (C) | −0.25 | 0.20 | −1.27 | .208 | .013 |
| 24. Eating out of home (SA) | −0.61 | 0.17 | −3.63 | <.001 | .101 |
| 25. Eating foods that are recently produced; i.e. new foods that were not eaten previously (before 1940) (TO) | 0.35 | 0.21 | 1.66 | .101 | .023 |
| 26. Eating industrially processed foods (e.g. chips, ready-made meals) (Proc) | −0.17 | 0.26 | −0.63 | .528 | .003 |
| 27. Doing something else while eating (e.g. watching television) (A) | −0.90 | 0.44 | −2.05 | .042b | .035 |
| 28. Choosing food according to individual preferences rather than social norms (Soc) | −0.73 | 0.30 | −2.41 | .017b | .047 |
| 29. Food is readily available wherever I am during the day (e.g. when going to work). (SO) | −0.50 | 0.14 | −3.71 | <.001 | .104 |
| 30. All my foodstuff is purchased (as opposed to grown or raised by myself). (SO) | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.59 | .554 | .003 |
Note. Related subdimensions are written in parentheses after items. aPositive values indicate larger means for the rural participants. bPlease note that the differences became non-significant when including age or religion in the regressions.
Abbreviations: TO, Temporal Origin; I, Ingredients; Soc, Social Aspects; SA, Spatial Aspects; SO, Spatial Origin; Proc, Processing; C, Concerns; Prep, Preparation; A, Appreciation; M, Meals.