Table 3.

A Typology of Reported Experience of Racial Discrimination Among American Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: the 2020 Health, Ethnicity, and Pandemic Study

Theme	Subtheme	Sample quotes
Verbal accusations/personal attack	Comments based on nationality, race or ethnicity	“I was in the market when a person walked by and was muttering racial epithets while accusing me of having caused the pandemic.” “While taking my regular walk and jogging in my neighborhood, a white person passed me on his bike, and yelled at me.” “Racial slurs regarding alleged source of COVID-19 and phrases to go back where you came from”
	Comments based on appearance	“Wearing masks that fog up my glasses. Been called foggy four eyes due to the mask.” “Mocked for Appearance”
	Other insulting comments	“Been told I was a dumb”
Viewed/treated differently	Social avoidance	“An old lady looked at me and noticed I'm Asian and she overly tried to stay away from me with giving me a dirty look when we passed each other at the hallway at the clinic.” “Going to the grocery stores people tend to move away from me because I'm black and they think I will give them the virus because on the news they said more blacks are infected with the virus.” “Being ignored by a white customer.”
	Denial of services	“They refused to let me rent a car.” “Not taking my services.”
	Career or workplace discrimination	“No promotion for Asian.” “Being let go from an employer.” “I was passed up for promotion on my former job. I was better qualified than the person they promoted.”
	Spoken language prejudice	“Discriminated because I could not speak Spanish.” “A man told me to get out of his store because I didn't speak English right.”
Perception of general racism against one's ethnic background	Nationality-based prejudice/pandemic blame	“Asians cause the pandemic.” “Constantly hearing President Trump constantly calling it the ‘China Virus' and constantly blaming China for the pandemic.” “Trump calling the pandemic kung flu and claiming it came from China.” “Because Trump keeps using the Chinese Flu instead of using COVID-19.”
	Internet or media judgments	“Racial slurs online.” “I am a white male. All the media, news, even work state that I am the most evil person alive. It gets very frustrating that is how I am made to feel. How about treat all people with respect and dignity.”