Table 2.
Summary of Included Sexual and Gender Minority Health Community-Based Participatory Research Studies by Number of Community Involvement Elements (n=48)
| Abbreviated citation | Study design | Primary topic area | Sample |
Study setting | No. of community involvement elements (0–13) | Average quality score (0–3) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample description | Inclusion |
Age, range | Total, N | |||||||
| Bisexual | TGN | |||||||||
| Perone et al.66 | Qualitative | Older adult services | Nine participants (45%) were lesbian, 5 (25%) gay, 4 (20%) bisexual, and 1 (5%) queer. Eight participants (38.1%) were people of color, 5 (23.8%) specifically African American or Black. | Ya | Ya | 19–78 | 21 | A large Mid-western city, including four rural and urban counties | 11 | 1.69 |
| Rhodes et al.72 | Cross-sectional | HIV/AIDS | 71.2% were gay, 3% heterosexual or straight, and 25.8% bisexual. 56.4% were White, 37.6% Black or African American, 1% were Alaskan native/American Indian, 0.5% Asian. 8.6% reported being HIV-positive, and 14.8% reported never having been tested for HIV. | Y | N | 18–61 | 210 | Northwest North Carolina | 10 | 1.93 |
| Smith et al.81 | Qualitative | Mental health Transgender health |
Transgender adults; male (30%), female (50%), non-binary (20%), two spirit (6.7%); 76.6% Caucasian, Latinx/Hispanic (6.6%), Native American (13.3%), Pacific Islander (3.3%) | NR | Y | 18–67 | 30 | Rural Montana | 9 | 2.05 |
| Stewart et al.83 | Qualitative | Transgender health | Participants were attendees of trans/non-binary health summits or recruited online. Gender diverse participants (n=96) were men and/or trans men (31%); women and/or trans women (36%); or a gender included under non-binary (32%). Forty-six percent were bisexual/pansexual/queer and 20% heterosexual. Twenty percent were non-White and 8% were of Hispanic, Latinx, or Spanish origin. Cisgender ally attendees (n=29) were heterosexual (48%), gay/lesbian (17%), and bisexual/pansexual/queer (28%). | Y | Y | 13+ | 125 | Arkansas | 9 | 2.26 |
| Rhodes et al.69 | Qualitative | Transgender health | Immigrant Latina transgender women. All were originally from Mexico. Mean number of years living in the United States was 10. | NR | Y | 22–45 | 9 | North Carolina | 8 | 2.48 |
| Boggs et al.47 | Qualitative | Older adult services | Participants from at least one data collection event: intercept surveys (n=17); focus groups (n=14); town hall meeting (n=30); or final interview (n=12). Mostly gay males in their 70s and lesbian females in their 60s. | Ya | Ya | 40–79 | 73 | Denver, CO | 7 | 1.95 |
| Bryant et al.48 | Qualitative | Substance use | The focus groups included a total of 36 participants, who were 42% African American, 58% White, 58% gay male, 36% lesbian, and 6% transgender (male-to-female). Groups organized by smoking status: current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers. Thirty participants involved in community meeting. | NR | Ya | 23–58 | 66 | Atlanta, GA | 7 | 2.14 |
| Felner et al.51 | Qualitative | Youth services Health care access |
11 youth researchers, most were people of color and all were LGBTQ; 26 current and former LGBTQ service patrons; and 10 LGBTQ service providers at 1 of 6 services. | Y | Ya | 18–24 | 48 | Chicago, IL | 7 | 2.41 |
| Felner et al.52 | Qualitative | Youth services | LGBTQ young adults (N=26) who utilize support network in Chicago and service providers (N=10) at LGBTQ-supportive youth programs. Focus group participants were mostly Black and/or African American (80%) and male (58%). | Y | Ya | Focus group: 20–29 | 36 | Chicago, IL | 7 | 2.45 |
| Rhodes et al.70 | Randomized controlled trial | HIV/AIDS | Immigrant Spanish-speaking Latinx GBMSM and TW social network members. Most participants were foreign born. 66.3% speaking only/mostly Spanish. Foreign-born participants had been living in the United States for a mean of 10.1 years. Seventy-three percent were undocumented. Eighty percent gay, 16% bisexual, 11% transgender. | Y | Y | 18–48 | 166 | North Carolina | 7 | 2.39 |
| Schnarrs et al.79 | Cross-sectional | Sexual health | Rural MSM; 55% gay, 20% bisexual, 17% heterosexual. Participants were White (89.6%), African American/Black, Asian/Pacific Islander (1.3%) or of another race (2.6%), and Hispanic/Latino (2.3%). The majority (81.2%) resided in the largest city (population of 69,291 persons), with the remaining from surrounding communities of that area (12.0%). | Y | N | 18–67 | 309 | Rural Indiana | 7 | 1.86 |
| Hergenrather et al.55 | Non-randomized experimental | HIV/AIDS | African American men, who were gay and unemployed, participated. | N | N | 37–57 | 7 | Washington, DC | 6 | 2.26 |
| Pelster et al.65 | Cross-sectional | Substance use | Participants were 59% male, 75% homosexual, 90.2% White, 93.8% non-Hispanic. A small percentage were either Alaskan native/American Indian (4.8%) or Asian (0.7%). | Y | Y | 19–70 | 763 | Nebraska | 6 | 2.30 |
| Rhodes et al.76 | Quasi-experimental | HIV/AIDS | Participant of an online chat room for MSM; 58% were gay; 18% were bisexual; 24% did not report sexual identity. The majority were White/European (71%); and 1.6% reported HIV positivity. | Y | N | 18–78 | 346 | Northwest North Carolina | 6 | 2.26 |
| Rodríguez-Díaz et al.77 | Cross-sectional | Health care access | LGBT Pride Parade participants. 59.7% were male and 39.9% female. One person was transgender. 56.0% identified as gay, 34.5% lesbian, 7.8% bisexual, and 1.7% other. | Y | Ya | 18–63 | 233 | San Juan, Puerto Rico | 6 | 1.86 |
| Solorio et al.82 | Qualitative | HIV/AIDS | Latino immigrant MSM, more than 75% Mexican descent; Spanish-speaking (monolingual). Most resided in the United States for <5 years. | N | N | 18–40 | 66 | Seattle, Washington | 6 | 2.26 |
| Martinez et al.59 | Qualitative | Sexual health | 25 non-Latino White, 25 non-Latino Black, and 25 Latino men. All men identified as “behaviorally bisexual.” Nearly all men (96%) were born outside the United States. In addition, most men (72%) originally migrated to the United States from urban areas, and most (72%) had been living in the United States for <10 years. | Y | N | 19–70 | 25 | Indianapolis and the surrounding catchment area | 5 | 2.00 |
| Rhodes et al.71 | Qualitative | HIV/AIDS | Immigrant Latino MSM. Over 85% reported Mexico as their country of origin. Majority was “gay” or “homosexual,” two were “bisexual,” and one was ‘heterosexual’. Four participants reported sex with both women and men during the past 3 months. Three participants were HIV positive; and two were male-to-female transgender. | Ya | Ya | 18–48 | 21 | Rural North Carolina | 5 | 2.36 |
| Rhodes et al.73 | Qualitative | Sexual health | Nine focus groups include MSM participants (n=88) who were African American/Black (n=28), Hispanic/Latino (n=33), White (n=21), and biracial/ethnic (n=6). Community forum attendees included community members (n=4), service organization leaders (n=15), and others; two historically Black colleges (n=3); and two academic research institutions (n=4). Included males and females, gay and non-gay attendees. | N | N | 18–60 | 122 | Northwest and Central North Carolina | 5 | 2.10 |
| Van Wagenen et al.90 | Qualitative | Older adult services | LGBT adults age 60 and older. Half the sample was female; one was transgender. The vast majority (91%) of the sample was gay or lesbian, one was bisexual, and one was heterosexual. Eighteen percent were African American, remainder NHW. | Ya | Ya | 60–80 | 22 | Boston, MA | 5 | 1.91 |
| Alio et al.44 | Qualitative with survey | HIV/AIDS | Leaders and Prominent members of the House Ball Community; African American, Latino, Afro-Latino or Afro-Caribbean, MSM or Transgender female. | Ya | Ya | 25.4 | 14 | Rochester/Buffalo region of New York | 4 | 2.27 |
| Alonzo et al.45 | Randomized, controlled intervention with qualitative data | HIV/AIDS | Hispanic/Latino MSM or Hispanic/Latina transgender women. | Y | Y | 18–55 | 152 | North Carolina, USA | 4 | 1.79 |
| Hussen et al.56 | Qualitative | HIV/AIDS | Young, Black gay or bisexual MSM (N=29) and health care or social service providers (N=28). | Y | N | 18–29 | 57 | Not reported | 4 | 2.14 |
| Mountz62 | Qualitative | Youth services Transgender health |
LGBT youth of color with the experience of having been incarcerated in a “girls” juvenile justice facility. | Y | Y | 18–25 | 10 | New York City and Duchess County | 4 | 2.27 |
| Vissman et al.91 | Qualitative | Health care access | Latino community members and health service providers. Community members: 20 (56%) men, 14 (39%) women, and 2 (6%) male-to-female transgender participants. Seven men were gay. 69.4% were born in Mexico and 13.9% in the United States; others were foreign born outside Mexico. Service providers: one physician and one pharmacist serving mostly rural Latinos living in NC, one AIDS case manager, one domestic violence case manager, one medical interpreter for a local public health department, and one community health educator. |
NR | Ya | 23–64 | 36 | Five rural counties in central NC | 4 | 2.15 |
| Reif et al.68 | Pilot feasibility study | HIV/AIDS Mental health |
Individuals living with HIV and a mental health disorder; 35% female; 80% African American. | N | N | NR | 40 | Charlotte, North Carolina | 3 | 2.19 |
| Rhodes et al.75 | Cross-sectional | Sexual health Substance use |
Rural immigrant Latino MSM, nearly 80% from Mexico. Sixteen percent transgender; 89% gay, 10% bisexual. | Y | Y | 18–48 | 190 | Rural North Carolina | 3 | 2.24 |
| Salkas et al.78 | Cross-sectional | Transgender health Health care access |
Transmasculine (n=31) and transfeminine (n=46) participants. 7.8% people of color. | NR | Y | NR | 77 | Online survey recruitment through Wisconsin-based venues/groups | 3 | 1.64 |
| Stover et al.84 | Qualitative | Health care access | Students from 13 colleges/universities. Cisgender college students were lesbian (n=7), gay (n=7), and bisexual (n=4; all females). | Ya | N | 19–24 | 18 | New England | 3 | 1.70 |
| Strang et al.85 | Qualitative | Transgender health Youth services |
Autistic/neurodiverse gender-diverse youth (n=31) and their parents (n=46) connected to services at a large medical center. Parents were 30 mothers and 16 fathers; 15 of these parents, all in heterosexual relationships, participated as couples. Of participating youth, 16 were trans-female, 11 trans-male, and 4 non-binary-transgender (assumed female at birth). Twenty-seven youth were White, two Asian, two mixed-race, and two Hispanic/Latinx. Input from key stakeholders or expert clinical providers was obtained but they were not involved in the intervention. | NR | Y | Youth: 12–19 | 77 | Washington DC | 3 | 2.32 |
| Kattari et al.58 | Cross-sectional | Transgender health Mental health |
TGD adults. | Y | Y | 28.6 | 659 | Michigan | 2 | 2.09 |
| Noonan et al.64 | Qualitative | Transgender health Health care access |
University of Louisville School of Medicine faculty, staff, medical students, community health professionals, and community members. Fifty-nine participants in the forum and 100 completed follow-up survey. | NR | Y | NR | 159 | Louisville | 2 | 2.08 |
| Sun et al.86 | Cross-sectional | Mental health | Immigrant adult Latino sexual minority men or transgender women. Average time in United States 10.1 years, 80.6% male, others female, male-to-female transgender, or transvesti. | N | Y | 18–61 | 186 | North Carolina | 2 | 2.32 |
| Sun et al.87 | Cross-sectional | Sexual health | Participants were MSM and/or transgender adults. Most were White (82.3%) and male (98.7%). Included gay (45%), bisexual (40.7%), and heterosexual/other (13.6%) participants. | Y | Y | 18–74 | 457 | Four metropolitan areas across North Carolina | 2 | 2.14 |
| Tanner et al.88 | Cross-sectional | Health care access | Immigrant Latino gay and bisexual men, MSM, and transgender people. Included community lay health advisors (Navegantes) and participants from the social network of Navegantes. 18.3% of the population identified as transgender. | N | Y | 18–61 | 180 | North Carolina | 2 | 2.18 |
| Hardacker et al.54 | Qualitative | Physical health | Adults were assigned female gender at birth and now identify as gender non-conforming, queer, transgender men, lesbian, or bisexual. A small percentage were either Alaskan native/American Indian (2.8%) or Asian (8.3%). | Y | Y | 18–64 | 36 | Not reported | 1 | 2.09 |
| Irwin et al.57 | Cross-sectional | Mental health | LGBT adults. | NR | Y | 19–70 | 770 | Nebraska and Iowa | 1 | 2.27 |
| Proctor and Krusen67 | Qualitative | Older adult services | Older LGBTQ veterans. | Ya | Ya | 51–87 | 7 | Pacific Northwest | 1 | 1.43 |
| Rhodes et al.74 | Qualitative | HIV/AIDS | Randomly selected GBMSM and TW with HIV who had completed an intervention to improve HIV care engagement participated in the interviews. Six participants were Black/African American, five were Spanish-speaking Latinx, and four were White. Gay (14) and bisexual (1). | Ya | N | Mean age 28 | 15 | Guilford County, NC | 1 | 2.10 |
| Schnarrs et al.80 | Cross-sectional | Mental health Physical health |
27.2% TGD; gay (37.8%), lesbian (25.8%), bisexual/pansexual (26%), other sexuality (10.4%); White (36.7%), Latinx/Hispanic (45.3%), Black/African American (7.1%); Other race (10.9%) | Y | Y | 18+ | 477 | San Antonio, TX | 1 | 2.05 |
| Teti et al.89 | Qualitative | Mental health Physical health Transgender health |
Participants were transmasculine young adults who had not undergone surgical procedures. Fourteen were White, one Hispanic, and one Black. | NR | Y | 19–25 | 16 | Small Midwestern city | 1 | 1.50 |
| Austin and Craig46 | Qualitative | Youth services | Culturally diverse SGMY at three high schools were Hispanic (n=14), Haitian (n=7), African American (n=4), and other Caribbean (n=3). Participants were female (n=23), male (n=4), and other (n=1). Sexual orientations were bisexual (n=12), lesbian (n=7), mostly heterosexual (n=5), gay (n=3), and pansexual (n=1). Informed stakeholders (n=6), including clinicians, service providers working with SGMY in South Florida. |
Y | NR | <18 | 34 | Miami, Florida | 0 | 1.94 |
| Edelman et al.49 | Qualitative | HIV/AIDS | Local community medical case managers (n=14), disease intervention specialists (n=7), and MSM (n=24). | Y | N | 42.5 | 45 | Connecticut | 0 | 2.50 |
| Edelman et al.50 | Qualitative | HIV/AIDS Substance use |
Medical case managers (n=14), disease intervention specialists (n=7), and MSM (n=17). | Y | N | 46 | 38 | Connecticut | 0 | 2.44 |
| Fisher et al.53 | Cross-sectional | Substance use Physical health |
Participants (N=723) were from Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa. The majority of participants resided in an urban area (89.5%) and were White (91.6%). Rural participants (n=75) were predominantly male (n=49, 65.3%) and White (n=71, 95.9%). A small percentage were either Alaskan native/American Indian (0.8% or Asian 0.9%). More rural participants were bisexual (21.3% vs. 15.9%), while rates of transgender identity were similar between rural and urban populations (10.7% vs. 10.8%). All persons who were heterosexual also were transgender. | Y | Y | 19+ | 723 | Nebraska and Iowa | 0 | 2.14 |
| Martinez-Velez et al.60 | Cross-sectional | Transgender health Health care access |
Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. | Ya | Y | 15–49 | 52 | Puerto Rico | 0 | 2.05 |
| Meyer et al.61 | Qualitative | Transgender health Health care access |
TGD adults. | NR | Y | 22–64 | 27 | Nebraska | 0 | 2.09 |
| Mountz et al.63 | Qualitative | Youth services Transgender health |
TGD youth with experience in the foster care system. All were racial/ethnic minorities. | Y | Y | 18–25 | 7 | Los Angeles, California | 0 | 1.64 |
a
Y*=yes n≦5.
GBMSM, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men; LGBTQ, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer; MSM, men who have sex with men; N, not included; NR, not reported; SGMY, sexual or gender minority youth; TGD, transgender and gender diverse; TW, transgender women; Y, yes.