Table 2.

HOME Model's Activities for Ethnic Minority Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Their Family Caregivers

Session	Activities	Methods and materials	Multidisciplinary
Session 1	General diabetes knowledge and family support • Presentation of diabetes knowledge based on the National Diabetes Guidelines (2017) • Group discussion with the EME with T2DM and family caregivers about the disease and its complications, including a question-and-answer session • Provision of an education booklet to help EME with T2DM to maintain their self-management activities. This booklet was designed and tailored to the low-literacy reader, using images, pictures, symbols, and color instead of text or message	• Group discussion • Video clips • Booklet • Handout • Skill demonstration	• Physician • Nurse practitioner • Psychiatric nurse • VHVs
Session 2	Diabetes self-management activities • Review of the previous session and summary of the participant's understanding progress • Introducing the significance of self-management activities, physical activities, and stress management Diet • Introducing the categories of food and their calories • Comparing the effects of healthy and unhealthy food • Discussion on healthy eating • Use of modified ethnic food recipes Physical activity • Group discussion and answering questions about physical activities and exercise • Culturally relevant activities for exercise	• Group discussion • Video clips • Booklet • Handout • Food models • Physical activity and exercise pictures • Skill demonstrations • Problem solving	• Nurses practitioner • Physiotherapists • Dieticians • Community leader • VHVs
Session 3	Medication management • Review of the previous session and summary of the participants' self-management progress • Explanation of the significance of taking prescription medication regularly and the consequences of not doing so • Discussion of medication adherence barriers and strategies to overcome them Complication prevention • Group discussion of the main diabetic complications; prevention measures; early presentation; and consequences • Foot screening • Blood sugar interpretation	• Group discussion • Medication model and sample • Handout • Booklet • Foot model • Blood sugar testing device • Skill demonstrations • Problem solving	• Nurse Practitioner • Public health officer • VHVs • Community leader
Session 4	Telephone follow-up • Review of the previous session and connecting with the problem or concern by 10–20-min conversation on phone or LINE application • Obtaining specific complaints and analyzing the situation with the family caregiver • Providing information and guidance	• Questionnaires • Booklet • Online video clips • LINE application	• Nurse practitioner • Public health officer • VHVs
Session 5	Home visits • Review of the previous session and summary of the participant's self-management progress • Individual discussion of self-management activities and adjustment of the goal and plan • Encouraging the EME with T2DM and family caregivers with advice about how to maintain self-management activities and supportive behavior	• Questionnaires • Booklet • Online video clips • LINE application • Feedback • Supportive resources	• Nurse practitioner • Public health officer • VHVs • Community leader

VHVs, village health volunteers.