Figure 2.

Exosomes derived from healthy cells with antioxidant capacity alleviate oxidative stress in recipient cells through different pathways. Exosomes transfer cellular messages through the delivery of the bioactive molecules enriched in them, thereby alleviating intracellular oxidative stress via different pathways. miRNA: microRNA; NOX: NAD(P)H oxidase; SIRT4: sirtuin 4; DMT1: divalent metal transporter 1; CaMKII: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CRTAC1: cartilage acid protein 1; PI3K/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2.