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. 2022 Sep 6;7:106. doi: 10.1038/s41541-022-00525-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Carp were prime immunized by immersion in 10⁴ TCID₅₀/mL of KHV-T P78 a, b or by feeding for 3 days with a total of 10⁹ TCID₅₀ of KHV-T P78 encapsulated in alginate c. Five weeks later boost immunization was done with the same procedure, by immersion a and orally b, c. Challenge infection was performed by immersion in 10⁵ TCID₅₀/mL with wild type KHV-T at 70 dpi. Immunized fish (blue line) survived challenge infection without any documented mortality.