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. 2022 Sep 6;12:366. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-02124-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — During Phase I, A CYP2C19 IM + PMs showed higher mean ESC_adj concentrations relative to NMs, whereas there was no significant difference in ESC_adj concentrations between NMs and RM + UMs. B A significant difference in ESC_adj concentrations was not observed between CYP2D6 metabolizer group. During Phase II, for the ESC-Only treatment arm, C CYP2C19 and D CYP2D6 IM + PMs compared to NMs had higher ESC levels in serum. In the ESC + ARI treatment arm, ESC_adj serum levels were associated with only C CYP2C19, but not D CYP2D6, with higher ESC_adj concentrations in CYP2C19 IM + PMs relative to NMs. All linear regression analyses were adjusted for age, ancestry, sex, recruitment site, time since last dose, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 metabolizer groups. Error bars represent standard error. ARI aripiprazole, ESC escitalopram, IM intermediate metabolizer, NM normal metabolizer, PM poor metabolizer, RM rapid metabolizer, UM ultra-rapid metabolizer. *q < 0.05; **q < 0.01; ***q < 0.001; # indicates trend with q between 0.050 and 0.070.