FIGURE 7.

Proposed working model of CRC‐EV‐mediated NOD1 activation in promoting liver metastasis of CRC. EVs derived from CRC cells carry a high cargo of CDC42. When CRC‐EVs are transported into macrophages, CDC42 is delivered from CRC‐EVs to cells and switched to a GTP‐bound active state, which mediates NOD1 activation, with consequent RIP2 phosphorylation; it triggers downstream NF‐κB and p38‐MAPK‐dependent inflammatory cytokine and chemokine (i.e., IL‐6, CCL1 and CCL2) release, which promotes CRC metastasis