TABLE 2.

Patients suffering from diaphragm dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Ultrasound examination and pulmonary function testing (PFT).

Patient	Excursion (deep breathing)	TF	PFT	Patient history	Clinical picture	Follow-up (US)	PFT, clinical condition
1 M	Decrease in excursion of both hemidiaphragms (SHD)	<40% on both sides	Restrictive, low DLCO	Hypertension, sleep apnea	Cachexia	Slight improvement in DE	Restrictive, low DLCO, clinical improvement
2 W	Decrease in left hemidiaphragm excursion (MHD)	40% < TF < 60% on left side	Restrictive	Scoliosis surgery		Normalization	Normal PFT, normal clinical condition
3 M	Decrease in right hemidiaphragm excursion (MHD)	Nl	Restrictive, low DLCO	Liver transplantation hypertension, diabetes		Normalization	Restrictive, normal clinical condition
4 M	Decrease in left hemidiaphragm excursion (SHD)	TF < 40% on left side	Restrictive	Cardiac surgery, heart failure, COPD	Bilateral pleural effusion	–	No follow-up End-stage heart failure
5 W	Decrease in excursion of both hemidiaphragms (MHD)	Nl	Re strictive, low DLCO	COPD, radiation trt for breast cancer	Cachexia	–	No follow-up Declined to participate
6 M	Right hemidiaphragm paralysis	TF < 0 on right side	Obstructive	Obesity		Unchanged	Obstructive, normal clinical condition
7 M	Decrease in right hemidiaphragm excursion (SHD)	TF = 20% on right side	Restrictive	–	Thoracocentesis of right pleural effusion	Slight improvement	Restrictive, partial clinical improvement
8 M	Decrease in right hemidiaphragm excursion (SHD)	TF < 40% on right side	Restrictive	–		Improvement in DE, normalization TF	Restrictive, clinical improvement
9 W	Decrease in excursion of both hemidiaphragms (SHD)	TF < 40% on both sides	Restrictive	–	Myalgia, weakness, swallowing disorders, brain hypometabolism	Unchanged	Restrictive, severe clinical limitation, NIV support at home
10 M	Decrease in left hemidiaphragm excursion (MHD)	40% < TF < 60% on left side	Restrictive, low DLCO	Lung transplantation, left pleural effusion	Cachexia, allograft rejection	–	No follow-up 2nd lung transplantation
11 W	Decrease in excursion of both hemidiaphragms (MHD)	40% < TF < 60% on both sides	Low DLCO	–		Normalization excursions and TF	Low DLCO, normal clinical condition
12 M	Decrease in right hemidiaphragm excursion (MHD)	Nl	Restrictive	Hypothyroïdism	Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19	-	No follow-up Declined to participate
13 M	Right hemidiaphragm paralysis	TF < 20% on right side	Restrictive, low DLCO	Obesity	CT scan reporting diaphragm hernia	Unchanged	Restrictive, no clinical improvement, surgery

M, male; W, female; TF, thickening fraction; PFT, pulmonary function test; US, ultrasound; DE, diaphragm excursion; DLCO, diffusive capacity for the lungs measured using carbon monoxide; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MHD, mild hemidiaphragm dysfunction; SHD, severe hemidiaphragm dysfunction; trt, treatment; NIV, non-invasive ventilation.

In bold: Recognized risk factors of diaphragm dysfunction recorded in the patient history or discovered by CT scan during COVID-19 (diaphragm hernia).