Table 2.

Analyses of the association between maternal smoking and the occurrence of nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate in each gender separately, as well as association between gender and the occurrence of clefts in relation to maternal smoking.

Variable	Case	Control	OR	95% CI	p
Female
Non-smoking mother	275	435	1.00
Mother smokes	94	60	2.48	1.73–3.54	<0.001
Male
Non-smoking mother	356	146	1.00
Mother smokes	118	35	1.38	0.90–2.12	0.149
Non-smoking mother
Female	275	435	1.00
Male	356	146	3.85	3.02–4.92	<0.001
Mother smokes
Female	94	60	1.00
Male	118	35	2.15	1.30–3.53	0.003