Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study, year, | Country | Design | Characteristics |
Participants (n) | Outcome definition | Factors adjusted in multivariate model | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Female (%) | ||||||
| Clark K. et al., 1995 | USA | Cross-sectional descriptive study | Women aged 60–85 years | 100 | 369 | 40 dB HL at 1000 and 2000 Hz in one ear. 40 dB HL at 1000 or 2000 Hz in both ears. |
Age and community of residence |
| Helzner EL et al., 2004 | USA | Cross-sectional study | Women aged 65 years or older | 100 | 6474 | Mild = hearing at the more intense level (40 dB HL), but not the less intense level (25 dB HL). Significant = failing to hear at both intensity levels. |
Age, BMI, estrogen use, sedative use, antidepressant use |
| Kim SH et al., 2002 | South Korea | Cross-sectional | Women aged 50 years or older | 100 | 1830 | 40 dB HL at 1000 and 2000 Hz in one ear. 40 dB HL at 1000 or 2000 Hz in both ears. |
Age, bone mineral density, and serum concentration of estradiol |
| Kahveci OK et al., 2014 | Turkey | Case–control study | Osteoporosis, osteopenia patients and controls was 26–85, 22–83 and 50–68 years, respectively | 100 | 125 | Sensorineural hearing loss = bone conduction > 25 dB HL without air-bone gap. Conductive hearing loss = normal bone conduction threshold average, but an air-bone gap > 10 dB HL. |
|
| Mendy A et al., 2014 | USA | Cross-sectional survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population | Aged 40 years and older | No hearing trouble. Little hearing trouble. Significant hearing trouble. |
Age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, body mass index | ||
| Helzner EP et al., 2005 | USA | Prospective cohort study | Aged 70–79 | 47.27 | 2052 | Hearing loss = pure tone average (PTA) > 25 dB HL in the worse ear. Conductive hearing loss = 15 dB or greater or greater air-bone gap at any two consecutive frequency tested (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz) in the worse ear. |
Age, history of ear surgery, alcohol use, diabetes, smoking, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, mini-mental score, hypertension, occupational noise exposure, use of salicylates |
| Yeh MC et al., 2015 | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort study | All Age | 89.79 | 42,640 | SSNHL = failing to hear at least one frequency at both intensity levels. | Age group, sex, diabetes, hypertension, CAD, chronic kidney disease, income, and area. |
| Ozkiris M et al., 2013 | Turkey | Cross-sectional | Age range from 50 to 55 years | 100 | 75 | Mean values of air and bone conduction at each frequency No definition of SSNHL. |
No adjust |
CAD, coronary artery disease; dB HL, decibel hearing level; SSNHL, sensorineural hearing loss.