Table 1.

Different types of home nursing robots.

AI robots in home nursing	Functions and applications
Accompanying robot	With the shape of a cute seal, the Paro (71) robot makes a vivid response (e.g., excited, sad) through the limbs to tactile stimulation of the machine (51). It can also adjust the patient's mood and monitor psychological changes.
	Elli.Q robot (72, 73) can collect information through communication with the elderly, comprehensively analyze his/her preferences and habits, recommend personalized activities, and monitor physical condition.
Intelligent diet robot	Handy 1 robot (72, 73) uses a five-DOF (degree of freedom) mechanical arm and three detachable trays to meet different needs. The laser scanning system takes food, while the mechanical arm puts the food into the patient's mouth.
	Winsford Self-Feeder robot (74) assists in eating using two mechanical arms. One mechanical arm is equipped with a spoon, while the other pushes the food on the plate into the spoon. When eating, the patient touches the jaw switch and the mechanical arm assists the patient to eat.
	My Spoon robot (75, 76) comprises one six-DOF mechanical arm fixed to the plate bottom and one fixed bowl. The user can operate by jaw movement, foot movement, or manual operation. It can assist patients paralyzed below the neck and elderly with stiff limbs to eat by themselves.
Logistic robot	Logistic robot NAO (77) can recognize images and sounds and perceive the surrounding environment through a CPU installed in the brain, a touch sensor, and a sonar system. It can complete the operation by sound and image recognition to realize a fully programmed process.
	Herb robot (78) can accurately identify the surrounding objects or environment by using sensors and non-visual signal devices to handle and transfer the elderly.
	Robear robot (79) can lift the elderly with a low walking ability off the bed and assist user to move. The machine is equipped with sensors, allowing a high-precision tactile perception of the robot. It can obtain the body mass index of the user to be moved upon touching him/her.
Nursing robot for disabled elderly	PerMMA robot (80): patients can operate the robot through a variety of interactive interfaces (e.g., microphone, joystick, or screen touch) according to their personal needs. The robot can handle daily affairs, including cooking, dressing, and shopping.
	Walking-assistant robot Welwalk WW-1000 (81) is specially designed for stroke patients and other patients with limited movement on one leg. A bracket with a motor is fixed between the knee and the lower leg to assist the user in flexion and extension. Also, it can help the user to keep still and maintain balance during movement.
	Life-assistant robot Human Support Robot (HSR) (82) can be operated remotely through voice and/or tablets to pick up objects on the floor or shelves far away.
	Nursing robot Robear (83) is equipped with an intelligent rubber, touch sensor, and torque sensor. The robot can sense the user and prevent him/her from injury. It can carry the elderly and provide support for his/her standing and walking.
	VGo robot (83) can realize telemedicine (disease monitoring and consultation communication) and promote personalized medical service between doctors and patients and health management. It can also monitor patient recovery and answer questions about health and medicine at home.
Chronic disease nursing robot	Kompa robot (84) can monitor the vital signs of the elderly in real-time and deliver the latest symptoms to the doctor via email. It can generate shopping lists and establish video conferences to facilitate doctor consultations.