Table 2.
Gut microbiota-modulating effects of cereal-derived phenolic compounds.
| Biological Source | Phenolic compound/s of interest | Effects on microbiota | Method used for the study | Quantification of Phenolic Compounds | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barley | Protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, cinnamic acid, catechin, and dihydroxybenzoic acid | ↓Helicobacter pylori ↑ LAB |
In vitro incubation of H. pylori using special peptone agar and plate count method for LAB | RP-HPLC-DAD | Ramakrishna et al., (2021) |
| Corn | Anthocyanins, p-coumaric, ferulic, and caffeic acid | ↑ LAB | In vitro incubation using pure LAB cultures | UPLC-DAD | (Gálvez Ranilla et al., 2017) |
| Millet | 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, luteolin-3′,7-diglucoside, N-acetyltyramine, p-coumaric acid, vanillin, sinapic acid, ferulic acid and isophoro |
↑Oscillospira, Ruminococcus ↓Allobaculum |
In vivo study using murine cecal samples; 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine fecal microbiota | LC-MS | Liu et al., (2021) |
| Oat | Avenanthramide, hydroxycinnamic acids and benzoic acid derivatives | ↑Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, Hafnia alvei, Bifidobacterium adolescentis | In vitro batch culture fermentation using human fecal inocula; 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine fecal microbiota | HPLC-DAD | Kristek et al., (2019) |
| Rice | Indole-2-carboxylic acid, Hydrocinnamic acid, Benzoic acid, Phenylacetic acid | ↑Methanobrevibacter, Paraprevotella, Ruminococcus, Dialister, Anaerostipes, Barnesiella, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium | In vivo study using human fecal samples; 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine fecal microbiota | GC-MS | Sheflin et al., (2015) |
| Rice | Lignans, Isoflavonoids, Phenolic alcohols, Isoflavones, Flavan-3-ols | ↑Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Streptococcaceae |
In vitro large intestinal fermentation using pig fecal inocula; PCR characterization of bacterial profile | UHPLC-ESI/QTOF-MS | Rocchetti et al., (2019) |
| Rice | Pyrocatechol, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, salicylic acid, trans-cinnamic acid | ↑Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus ↓Clostridium, Enterobacter, Bacteroides |
In vitro batch culture fermentation using human fecal inocula; FISH technique to enumerate microbiota | LC-MS | Owolabi et al., (2020) |
| Sorghum | 3-deoxyanthocyanins | ↑Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Prevotella | In vitro batch culture fermentation using human fecal inocula; PCR characterization of bacterial profile | HPLC-DAD | Ashley et al., (2019) |
| Wheat | Dihydroferulic acid and ferulic acid | ↓Bifidobacteriales, Clostridium, Dialister, Blautia, Collinsella ↑Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, Prevotella |
In vivo study using human fecal samples; 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine fecal microbiota | HPLC-MS/MS | Vitaglione et al., (2015) |
Abbreviations: Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH); GC-MS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry); LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria); LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry); RP-HPLC-DAD (Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic); UHPLC-ESI/QTOF-MS (Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled to a Hybrid Quadrupole-Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer); UHPLC-MSn (Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry).