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. 2022 Aug 27;8(8):e10395. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10395

Table 2.

Modified Leopold Matrix for assessing the net impacts of tourism in Ghorepani.

Cost-Benefit factors Visitors Action
Trekking/one night stay Leisure tourism (Stay for <1 week) Professional stay (>1 week) Negative impact Positive impact Net impact on sub factors Average impact on sub factors Average impact on factors Net impact of tourism Net impact by factors (%)
Social and environmental costs and benefits Culture −1 −2 −4 0 3 −7 −2.33 0.234 4.43 5.3
Language −1 −2 −4 0 3 −7 −2.33
Education −1 −3 −5 0 3 −9 −3
Traditional skill −1 −2 −3 0 3 −6 −2
Life style 5 5 5 3 0 15 5
Religion −1 −2 −6 0 3 −9 −3
Recreation 3 3 3 3 0 9 3
Infrastructure 5 5 5 3 0 15 5
Health and Security 5 5 5 3 0 15 5
Environment −2 −3 −4 0 3 −9 −3
Economic costs and benefits Equity depreciation −2 −2 −2 0 3 −6 −2 4.19 94.7
Job creation 8 9 9 3 0 26 8.66
Job seasonality −1 −1 −1 0 3 −3 −1
Service creation 8 9 9 3 0 26 8.66
Inflation −1 −1 −1 0 3 −3 −1
Trade 8 8 8 3 0 24 8
Revenue generation 8 8 8 3 0 24 8
Positive Impact 8 8 8 24
Negative Impact 9 9 9 27
Impact by Visitor’s action 39 34 22
Impact by Visitor’s action (%) 42 35 23