Figure 2.

ATP levels remain stable over the course of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in epithelial cells.A, primary cells were infected with CTDm and intracellular ATP was measured 24, 30, and 48 hpi. B, A2EN cells were treated for 2 h with 10 μM GNE-140 or infected for the indicated time with CTDm before fixation, permeabilization, and staining with antibodies against the phosphorylated form of ACC (green). Bacteria (mCherry) are red, and nuclei (DAPI) are blue. C, ATP levels were measured in CTDm-infected HeLa cells at 8 and 30 hpi. D, ATP levels were measured in HeLa cells 1 h after treatment with 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and 0.019% NaN₃. E, HeLa cells were transfected with plasmids expressing GO-ATEAM2 (left) and mitoGO-ATEAM2 (right) for 24 h, then infected with CTDm for the indicated time before fixation and image analysis as described in the Experimental procedures section. An increase in the ΔLifetime corresponds to a drop in FRET and thus a decrease in ATP concentration. One hour incubation in 10 mM 2-DG and 0.019% NaN₃ was used as a positive control. Significance is defined as: ns (not significant) p > 0.05; (∗) = p ≤ 0.05; (∗∗∗) = p ≤ 0.001; (∗∗∗∗) = p ≤ 0.0001. ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CTD, C. trachomatis serovar D; hpi, hours postinfection.