ATP levels are differentially affected by GNE-140 and OxPhos inhibitors in primary and HeLa cells. A2EN cells (A, B, F, and H) and HeLa cells (C, D, E, and G) were treated with the indicated concentrations of GNE-140, oligomycin, or phenformin for 24 h except in (B) and (D) where cells were treated for 2 h. ATP levels were measured as described in the Experimental procedures. I, HeLa cells were grown in medium containing glucose or not for 48 h. Intracellular ATP levels were then measured as described in the Experimental procedures. J, HeLa cells were grown in medium containing glucose or not for 48 h before infection with CTDm at MOI 10. Cells were fixed 6 hpi, then permeabilized before immunostaining with anti-Cap1 followed with Alexa488-conjugated secondary antibodies. DNA is stained with Hoechst. For each panel, the result of 3 independent experiments and the mean are displayed. Significance is defined as: ns (not significant) p > 0.05; (∗∗) = p ≤ 0.01; (∗∗∗∗) = p ≤ 0.0001. CTD, C. trachomatis serovar D; hpi, hours postinfection; OxPhos, oxidative phosphorylation.