Table 1.
Sample Demographics and Clinical Characteristics.
| Characteristics | HC (n = 22) | CSA/RES (n = 14) | MDD (n = 18) | MDD/CSA (n = 17) | F/χ2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 26.45 (7.16) | 25.14 (5.66) | 24.94 (5.42) | 29.47 (6.61) | 1.82 | 0.152 |
| Race (% White) | 72.7 | 57.1 | 61.1 | 43.8 | 3.30 | 0.347 |
| Education (%) | 5.60 | 0.470 | ||||
| post-secondary years: | ||||||
| 0–2 year(s) | 36.4 | 50.0 | 27.8 | 47.1 | ||
| 4 years | 27.3 | 28.6 | 50.0 | 41.2 | ||
| <4 years | 36.4 | 21.4 | 22.2 | 11.8 | ||
| Income (%) | 0.43 | 0.935 | ||||
| <$50,000 | 61.9 | 64.3 | 61.1 | 70.6 | ||
| > $50,000 | 38.1 | 35.7 | 38.9 | 29.4 | ||
| BDI-II score | 0.83 (1.15)a,b | 2.54 (3.36)c,d | 27.44 (7.68)a,c | 25.52 (8.21)b,d | 110.53 | <0.001 |
| RRS score | 28.29 (6.81)a,b | 30.89 (6.50)c,d | 59.78 (11.42)a,c | 59.63 (8.62)b,d | 69.75 | <0.001 |
| # of MDEs (%) | 0.38 | 0.536 | ||||
| Single Episode | 27.8 | 18.8 | ||||
| Recurrent Episodes | 72.2 | 81.3 | ||||
| Comorbidities (%) | ||||||
| Current Anxiety Dx | 27.8 | 52.9 | 2.31 | 0.129 | ||
| Past Anxiety Dx | 38.9 | 64.7 | 2.33 | 0.127 | ||
| Past Substance Abuse | 11.1 | 23.5 | 0.95 | 0.330 | ||
| TAI-Upsetting | 3.36 (1.08) | 4.06 (1.12) | 3.05 | 0.092 | ||
| TAI-Impact on Life | 2.86 (0.77) | 3.81 (0.40) | 18.80 | <0.001 | ||
| Motion outliers (%) | 3.84 (3.52) | 4.80 (4.69) | 3.60 (3.35) | 4.29 (3.27) | 0.33 | 0.802 |
| Mean FD (motion) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.10 (0.04) | 1.51 | 0.220 |
Means with standard deviations in parentheses. Note: HC: Healthy control without childhood sexual abuse (CSA), CSA/RES: healthy control with a CSA history, MDD: Major Depressive Disorder without CSA, MDD/CSA: MDD with CSA exposure. BDI: Beck Depression Inventory. RRS: Ruminative Response Scale. MDEs: major depressive episodes. Dx: diagnosis. TAI-Upsetting: Trauma Antecedents Interview: How upsetting was the sexual abuse? TAI-Impact on Life: How much of an impact did the sexual abuse had on the person’s life? FD: Framewise Displacement. Variables of race, education, income, single versus recurrent MDEs, % with current anxiety disorders, % with past anxiety disorders, % with past substance use disorders were tested using chi square, as indicated by a χ2. Group differences in age, BDI-II scores, RRS scores, TAI sexual abuse severity, % of motion outliers and mean FD were tested via one-way ANOVAs, as indicated by F.
MDD > HC, p < 0.05.
MDD/CSA > HC, p < 0.05.
MDD > CSA/RES, p < 0.05.
MDD/CSA > CSA/RES, p < 0.05.