Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants.
| Characteristics | Participants, No. (%) (N = 127 495) |
|---|---|
| Chronological age, mean (SD), y | 56.4 (7.7) |
| Phenotypic age, mean (SD), y | 52.0 (9.3) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 70 979 (55.7) |
| Male | 56 516 (44.3) |
| Race and ethnicity | |
| Black | 853 (0.7) |
| Chinese | 288 (0.2) |
| South Asian | 1020 (0.8) |
| White | 123 987 (97.2) |
| Multiple | 652 (0.5) |
| Othera | 695 (0.5) |
| Educational levelb | |
| High | 59 057 (46.3) |
| Intermediate | 41 982 (32.9) |
| Low | 26 456 (20.8) |
| Occupation | |
| Working | 81 358 (63.8) |
| Retired | 37 731 (29.6) |
| Other | 8406 (6.6) |
| Townsend Deprivation Index, mean (SD)c | −1.7 (2.8) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)d | 26.8 (4.5) |
| ≤18.5 | 721 (0.6) |
| 18.5-24.9 | 47 324 (37.1) |
| ≥24.9 | 79 450 (62.3) |
| Never smoking | 73 859 (57.9) |
| Never drinking | 76 732 (60.2) |
| Regular exercise | 94 688 (74.3) |
| Healthy diet | 49 163 (38.6) |
| Maternal smoking around birth, yes | 36 704 (28.8) |
| Prevalent cardiovascular disease, yes | 5590 (4.4) |
| Prevalent cancer, yes | 9811 (7.7) |
Other includes any races or ethnicities not otherwise specified.
High educational level is defined as having a college or university degree. Intermediate educational level is defined as advanced (A/AS) levels or equivalent, ordinary level (O-level), general certificate of secondary education, or equivalent. Intermediate educational levels refer to grades 6 to 12 (O-level equals middle school or junior high, grades 6-8; A/AS-level equals high school, grades 9-12) in the US school system. Low educational level is defined as none of the aforementioned.
For the Townsend Deprivation Index, 0 indicates the mean value for an area, positive numbers indicate lower socioeconomic status, and negative numbers indicate higher socioeconomic status.
Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.