TABLE 5.
Drug category, drug type, and allergen with case count.
| Drug Category | Drug Type | Specific Allergen (Number of SJS/TEN Cases)a |
| Antibiotics | Sulfonamides | Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (54), sulfonamides (9), cephalexin (7), ceftriaxone (5), cefotaxime (5), sulfadiazine (5), Sulfamethoxazole (3), sulfadoxine (3), ceftazidime (3), cefuroxime (2), sulfacetamide (2), cefazolin (2), sulfa drugs (1), cefepime (1), cefozopran (1), cefsulodin (1), ceftizoxime (1), cefixime (1), cephradine (1), maxipime (1), sulfa antibiotic therapy (1), sulfapyridine (1), sulfisoxazole (1), cefamandole (1), cefaclor (1), cefotiam hydrochloride (1) |
| Penicillins | Amoxicillin (24), ampicillin (12), penicillin (8), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (7), piperacillin/tazobactam (5), oxacillin (2), cloxacillin (2), flucloxacillin (2), amoxycillin (1), ampicillin/sulbactam (1), coamoxiclav (1) | |
| Quinolones | Ciprofloxacin (11), levofloxacin (10), moxifloxacin (4), norfloxacin (3), ofloxacin (3), lomefloxacin (1), sparfloxacin (1), tosufloxacin (1), trovafloxacin (1) | |
| Macrolides | Azithromycin (13), erythromycin (7), clarithromycin (3), roxithromycin (2) | |
| Vancomycin | Vancomycin (21) | |
| Tetracycline | Doxycycline (7), tetracycline (2), tigecycline (1), minocycline (1) | |
| Other antibiotics | Antibiotics therapy (7), trimethoprim (7), thalidomide (7), meropenem (6), teicoplanin (5), rifampin (4), gentamicin (3), amikacin (3), cephalosporin (3), nitrofurantoin (3), tobramycin (3), clindamycin (3), aztreonam (2), metronidazole (2), ethambutol (2), rifaximin (2), lincomycin (2), mupirocin (1), anti-tuberculosis medication (1), antibiotics (1), bacitracin (1), cephem (1), chloramphenicol (1), cilastatin (1), cycloserine (1), dapsone (1), ertapenem (1), furazolidone (1), imipenem (1), oral medication for an upper respiratory tract infection (1), pristinamycin (1), pyrazinamide (1), rifabutin (1), streptomycin (1), telithromycin (1) | |
| Anticonvulsants | Phenytoin (61), carbamazepine (54), lamotrigine (49), valproate (15), oxcarbazepine (7), levetiracetam (5), zonisamide (4), antiepileptic drugs (3), clobazam (3), lacosamide (1), anticonvulsant (1), cannabidiol (1), felbamate (1), gabapentin (1), anticonvulsants (1), nitrazepam (1), phenylhydantoin (1), rufinamide (1), tetrazepam (1), trazepam (1), valproic acid (1) | |
| Analgesics/anesthetics | Anagelsics/antipyretics/non-salicylates | Acetaminophen (36), phenacetin (1), dipyrone (1) |
| NSAIDs | Ibuprofen (23), etoricoxib (6), acetylsalicylic acid (6), diclofenac (5), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (5), naproxen (5), benoxaprofen (4), mefenamic acid (4), anti, inflammatory drug (3), celecoxib (3), metamizole (3), nimesulide (3), salicylamide (2), diacerein (2), piroxicam (2), ketoprofen (2), oxaprozin (2), indomethacin (2), fenbufen (1), isoxicam (1), loxoprofen (1), Mesalazine (1), methampyrone (1), diflunisal (1), oxyphenbutazone (1), rofecoxib (1), salicylates (1), sulindac (1), valdecoxib (1), diclofenac/serratiopeptidase (1), aceclofenac (1), etofenamate (1), Etodolac (1) | |
| Other analgesics/anesthetics | Analgesics (1), codeine (1), mepivacaine (1), isopropylantipyrin/arylisopropylacetoureid/phenacetinum (1), acetaminophen/oxycodone (1) | |
| Antineoplastics | Alkylating agents | Cyclophosphamide (4), temozolomide (4), chlorambucil (3), cisplatin (1), carboplatin (1), ifosfamide (1), mechlorethamine (1) |
| Antimetabolites | Methotrexate (13), gemcitabine (2), pemetrexed (2), capecitabine (1), cytosine arabinoside (1) | |
| Immunomodulator agents | Lenalidomide (9), everolimus (1), levamisole (1) | |
| Immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitor combination | Nivolumab (12) | |
| Systemic enzyme inhibitors | Imatinib (9), osimertinib (3), afatinib (2), sunitinib (2), sorafenib (2), ribociclib (2), vandetanib (1), bortezomib (1), gefitinib (1), Masitinib (1) | |
| Other antineoplastics | Vemurafenib (8), pembrolizumab (6), mogamulizumab (6), docetaxel (3), cetuximab (3), fulvestrant (2), Ipilimumab (2), vincristine (2), premetrexed/cisplatin (2), letrozole (2), etoposide (2), ofatumumab (1), paclitaxel (1), pd1 inhibitor (1), atezolizumab (1), peplomycin (1), procarbazine (1), rituximab (1), rituximab/bendamustine (1), tamoxifen (1), actinomycin (1), vinorelbine (1), cobimetinib (1), dactinomycin (1), brentuximab vedotin (1), denileukin diftitox (1), enfortumab vedotin (1), etoposide/cisplatin (1), l-asparaginase (1), bleomycin (1) | |
| Antiarthritics | Xanthine oxidase inhibitors | Allopurinol (45) |
| Other antiarthritics | Leflunomide (2), penicillamine (1) | |
| Antivirals | HIV-specific antivirals | Nevirapine (17), abacavir (2), efavirenz (2), stavudine (2), zidovudine (2), indinavir (1), darunavir (1), emtricitabine/tenofovir (1), nelfinavir (1) |
| Other antivirals | Lamivudine (4), acyclovir (4), oseltamivir (3), adefovir (1), 18 drugs for encephalitis (1) | |
| Gastrointestinal drugs | Sulfasalazine (10), omeprazole (5), ranitidine (5), lansoprazole (3), famotidine (2), hyoscyamine (1), cimetidine (1), dimenhydrinate (1), donnatal (1), glycerin (1), h2 antagonist (1), lactulose (1), pantoprazole (1), prochlorperazine (1), promethazine (1), rabeprazole (1), scopolamine (1) | |
| Psychotherapeutic drugs | Antidepressant | Fluoxetine (2), mirtazapine (2), amoxapine (1), fluvoxamine (1), venlafaxine (1), duloxetine (1), paroxetine (1), sertraline (1), bupropion (1) |
| Other psychotherapeutic drugs | Chlorpromazine (3), lithium (2), paliperidone (1), armodafinil (1), benzodiazepines (1), chlordiazepoxide (1), chlormezanone (1), haloperidol (1), modafinil (1), oxazepam (1), thioridazine (1) | |
| Anti-infectives | Antimalarial drugs | Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (11), chloroquine phosphate (7), pyrimethamine (3), mefloquine (2), hydroxychloroquine (1), proguanil (1) |
| Other anti-infectives | Atovaquone (2), ivermectin (2), pentamidine (1) | |
| Antifungals | Fluconazole (8), voriconazole (3), terbinafine (3), griseofulvin (2), caspofungin (1), amphotericin B (1), itraconazole (1), nystatin (1) | |
| Cardiovascular drugs | Captopril (3), minoxidil (3), carvedilol (2), hydralazine (2), vasoprotectors (1), rosuvastatin (1), atropine sulfate (1), irbesartan (1), nitroprusside (1), phenylephrine (1), ramipril (1), atorvastatin (1), sildenafil (1), timolol (1), vasodilators (1), amiodarone (2), amlodipine (2), nitroglycerin (1), diltiazem (1), dronedarone (1), isosorbide dinitrate (1) | |
| Diuretics | Furosemide (4), methazolamide (4), acetazolamide (2), hydrochlorothiazide (2), indapamide (2), metolazone (2), bumetanide (1), spironolactone (1) | |
| Vitamin/herb | Herbal medication (7), ayurvedic medication (3), ophiopogonis tuber (1), pyritinol (1), supradyn (1), vitamin b complex (1), traditional Chinese medicine (1), golden health blood purifying tablets (1), moringa oleifera (1) | |
| Hormones | Glucocorticoids | Dexamethasone (7), prednisolone (3), betamethasone (1) |
| Other hormones | Danazol (1), gemeprost (1), human chorionic gonadotropin (1), medroxyprogesterone acetate (1), cabergoline (1), clomiphene (1) | |
| Biologicals/vaccine | Vaccine (2), influenza vaccine (2), measles vaccine (1), anthrax (1), hantavirus vaccine (1), MPR vaccine (1), rabies vaccination (1), smallpox vaccine (1), tetanus vaccines (1), varicella-zoster virus vaccine (1), yellow fever vaccine (1) | |
| Diagnostic (contrast medium) | Contrast medium (9), diatrizoate meglumine-diatrizoate sodium (1), cardiac catheterization dye (1) | |
| Chemotherapy rescue/antidote agents | Amifostine (5), mesna (1), leucovorin (1), folinic acid (1) | |
| Antithrombotic agents | Anticoagulants | Warfarin (3), warfarin potassium (1), heparin (1), dabigatran (1) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | Acetylsalicylic acid/dipyridamole (1), clopidogrel (1), ticlopidine hydrochloride (1) | |
| Cough/cold preparations | Tipepidine (2), phenylpropanolamine (2), pseudoephedrine (2), guaifenesin (1), guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine (1) | |
| Immunosuppressants | Mizoribine (2), tacrolimus (1), azathioprine (1), tocilizumab (1), mycophenolate mofetil (1) | |
| Others | Teriflunomide (1), phenobarbital (22), strontium ranelate (3), ritodrine (3), propylthiouracil (2), adalimumab (2), tranexamic acid (2), glyburide (1), albuterol (1), alfuzosin (1), amphetamine (1), astemizole (1), bromisovalum (1), butalbital (1), carbocisteine (1), cetirizine (1), cocaine (1), contraceptive pills (1), cromoglycate (1), dimercapto-propane sulfonate (1), disulfiram (1), dorzolamide (1), etidronate (1), etretinate (1), fexofenadine (1), glipizide (1), glyphosate (1), immunoglobulin (1), iron protein succinylate (1), lactose (1), latanoprost (1), mancozeb (1), methamphetamine (1), methimazole (1), mifepristone (1), pirenzepine hydrochloride (1), promethazine methylene disalicylate (1), repaglinide (1), suramin (1), titanium silicate (1), some medications (1) |
TMP-SMZ, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; MPR, morbilli-parotitis-rubella; SJS/TEN, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and/or toxic epidermal necrolysis.
aThe case count is reflecting the number of unique cases while some of the cases could have more than one allergen annotations.