Table 8.

ABMs for the assessment of injuries in sheep during loading/unloading and journey breaks

ABM	Definition and interpretation of the ABM
Lameness	Definition: Locomotory changes involving impaired movement or deviation from normal gait or posture (Van Nuffel et al., 2015). Interpretation: Most lameness is a consequence of pain but it can also occur from mechanical defects resulting in physical incapacity. Behavioural changes associated with lameness indicate attempts by the animal to protect the affected limb from pain and further injury (Whay, 2002).
Non‐ambulatory sheep	Description: Unable to stand or move without assistance and/or unable to bear weight on two legs (Consortium of the Animal Transport Guides Project, 2018). Interpretation: Can occur as a result of injury, lameness, disease or exhaustion. It makes a sheep unfit for transport and to prevent unnecessary suffering the sheep requires additional care or euthanasia.
Skin lesions and wounds	Definition: Macroscopically visible loss of skin integrity due to lesions and wounds (Phythian et al., 2019). Interpretation: High prevalence of skin lesions can be caused by violent handling, highly reactive animals, collisions with facilities, falls and entrapment, especially on the back, thorax and limbs (Llonch et al., 2015).

ABM: animal‐based measure.