Fig. 3. RGD-LNPs can be formulated to enhance mRNA transfection in vitro to HepG2 cells. (a) Luciferase expression of HepG2 cells treated with seven LNPs show little to no transfection when the ionizable lipid component is fully substituted with RGD peptide-based lipids. (b) Luciferase expression of HepG2 cells treated with LNPs containing C12-200 and the RGD peptide-based lipid 2A at various ratios. (c) Luciferase expression of HepG2 cells treated with seven different LNPs, incorporating RGD peptide-based lipids at the identified ratio of 20 : 80. (d) Luciferase expression of HepG2 cells treated with RGD-lipid LNPs (1A), soluble RGD + RGD-lipid LNPs (1A) and positive control sample C12-200 LNPs. (e) Cell viability of the seven different LNPs tested in (c). (f) Cell viability of the LNPs tested in (d). All results were normalized to untreated cells, three biological replicates for each sample. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.