Table 3.
Decomposition of the direct and indirect effects of racism on physical health (standardised coefficients).
| Direct effects |
Indirect effects |
Total effects |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Std. Coef | Std. Error | Std. Coef | Std. Error | Std. Coef | Std. Error | |
| Effects of racism wave 1 on | ||||||
| Income wave 1 | −0.05 | (0.07) | – | – | −0.05 | (0.07) |
| Income wave 3 | −0.05 | (0.06) | −0.03 | (0.04) | −0.08 | (0.08) |
| Income wave 5 | – | – | −0.05 | (0.05) | −0.05 | (0.05) |
| Income wave 7 | – | – | −0.04 | (0.04) | −0.04 | (0.04) |
| Income wave 9 | – | – | −0.02 | (0.02) | −0.02 | (0.02) |
| Physical health wave 1 | 0.04 | (0.04) | −0.01 | (0.01) | 0.03 | (0.04) |
| Physical health wave 3 | −0.03 | (0.07) | 0.01 | (0.02) | −0.02 | (0.07) |
| Physical health wave 5 | 0.09 | (0.07) | −0.02 | (0.04) | 0.08 | (0.06) |
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.00 | (0.06) | 0.04 | (0.04) | 0.05 | (0.05) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.03 | (0.06) | 0.03 | (0.03) | 0.06 | (0.06) |
| Effects of racism wave 3 on | ||||||
| Income wave 3 | 0.01 | (0.05) | – | – | 0.01 | (0.05) |
| Income wave 5 | −0.01 | (0.05) | 0.01 | (0.03) | −0.00 | (0.07) |
| Income wave 7 | – | – | −0.00 | (0.05) | −0.00 | (0.05) |
| Income wave 9 | – | – | −0.00 | (0.03) | −0.00 | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 3 | −0.05 | (0.05) | −0.00 | (0.00) | −0.05 | (0.05) |
| Physical health wave 5 | 0.04 | (0.05) | −0.03 | (0.02) | 0.01 | (0.05) |
| Physical health wave 7 | −0.02 | (0.05) | 0.01 | (0.03) | −0.01 | (0.05) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.07 | (0.06) | −0.00 | (0.03) | −0.08 | (0.06) |
| Effects of racism wave 5 on | ||||||
| Income wave 5 | −0.04 | (0.03) | – | – | −0.04 | (0.03) |
| Income wave 7 | −0.06 | (0.04) | −0.03 | (0.03) | −0.09* | (0.04) |
| Income wave 9 | – | – | −0.06* | (0.03) | −0.06* | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 5 | −0.18** | (0.06) | −0.00 | (0.00) | −0.18** | (0.06) |
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.07 | (0.06) | −0.11** | (0.04) | −0.05 | (0.05) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.06 | (0.07) | −0.03 | (0.03) | −0.09 | (0.07) |
| Effects of racism wave 7 on | ||||||
| Income wave 7 | −0.02 | (0.03) | – | – | −0.02 | (0.03) |
| Income wave 9 | −0.05** | (0.02) | −0.01 | (0.02) | −0.06* | (0.02) |
| Physical health wave 7 | −0.11** | (0.03) | −0.00 | (0.00) | −0.11** | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.03 | (0.04) | −0.07** | (0.02) | −0.04 | (0.04) |
| Effects of racism wave 9 on | ||||||
| Income wave 9 | 0.01 | (0.02) | – | – | 0.01 | (0.02) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.06 | (0.04) | 0.00 | (0.00) | −0.06 | (0.04) |
| Effects of income wave 1 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 1 | 0.15*** | (0.03) | – | – | 0.15*** | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 3 | 0.08* | (0.03) | 0.07** | (0.03) | 0.14*** | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 5 | – | – | 0.13*** | (0.02) | 0.13*** | (0.02) |
| Physical health wave 7 | – | – | 0.09*** | (0.02) | 0.09*** | (0.02) |
| Physical health wave 9 | – | – | 0.07*** | (0.01) | 0.07*** | (0.01) |
| Effects of income wave 3 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 3 | −0.01 | (0.03) | – | – | −0.01 | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 5 | 0.07* | (0.03) | 0.02 | (0.03) | 0.09** | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 7 | – | – | 0.08*** | (0.02) | 0.08*** | (0.02) |
| Physical health wave 9 | – | – | 0.07*** | (0.01) | 0.07** | (0.01) |
| Effects of income wave 5 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 5 | 0.03 | (0.03) | – | – | 0.03 | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.01 | (0.03) | 0.06 | (0.03) | 0.06 | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 9 | – | – | 0.07** | (0.02) | 0.07** | (0.02) |
| Effects of income wave 7 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.06 | (0.03) | – | – | 0.06 | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.03* | (0.02) | 0.04 | (0.02) | 0.08** | (0.02) |
| Effects of income wave 9 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.02 | (0.02) | – | – | 0.02 | (0.02) |
Chi square (d.f.) 1797.19 (264)***RMSEA 0.036 (0.035–0.038) CFI 0.91 TLI 0.88.
Source: Understanding Society waves 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, n = 4444. Adjusted for complex survey design. Model also adjusts for age and gender. *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001.