Table 5.
Decomposition of the direct and indirect effects of racism on physical health by age group (standardised coefficients).
| Direct effects |
Indirect effects |
Total effects |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Std. Coef | Std. Error | Std. Coef | Std. Error | Std. Coef | Std. Error | |
| Under 30s | ||||||
| Effects of racism wave 7 on | ||||||
| Income wave 7 | −0.08 | (0.07) | – | – | −0.08 | (0.07) |
| Income wave 9 | −0.04 | (0.06) | −0.06 | (0.05) | −0.09 | (0.06) |
| Physical health wave 7 | −0.00 | (0.08) | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.02 | (0.08) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.20 | (0.11) | −0.01 | (0.04) | 0.19 | (0.10) |
| Effects of racism wave 9 on | ||||||
| Income wave 9 | 0.04 | (0.06) | – | – | 0.04 | (0.06) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.29* | (0.11) | 0.00 | (0.01) | −0.29* | (0.11) |
| Effects of income wave 7 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.17** | (0.04) | – | – | 0.17** | (0.04) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.04 | (0.07) | 0.14* | (0.06) | 0.10** | (0.05) |
| Effects of income wave 9 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 9 |
0.09 |
(0.09) |
– |
– |
0.09 |
(0.09) |
| 30–39 year olds | ||||||
| Effects of racism wave 7 on | ||||||
| Income wave 7 | −0.13** | (0.04) | – | – | −0.13** | (0.04) |
| Income wave 9 | −0.07* | (0.03) | −0.08** | (0.03) | −0.15** | (0.04) |
| Physical health w7 | −0.12* | (0.06) | −0.00 | (0.01) | −0.13* | (0.05) |
| Physical health w9 | −0.09 | (0.06) | −0.08** | (0.03) | −0.17* | (0.08) |
| Effects of racism wave 9 on | ||||||
| Income wave 9 | 0.03 | (0.04) | – | – | 0.03 | (0.04) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.02 | (0.06) | 0.00 | (0.00) | −0.02 | (0.06) |
| Effects of income wave 7 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.03 | (0.04) | – | – | 0.03 | (0.04) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.05 | (0.04) | 0.04 | (0.03) | 0.09 | (0.05) |
| Effects of income wave 9 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 9 |
0.04 |
(0.04) |
– |
– |
0.04 |
(0.04) |
| 40–49 year olds | ||||||
| Effects of racism wave 7 on | ||||||
| Income wave 7 | −0.04 | (0.12) | – | – | −0.04 | (0.12) |
| Income wave 9 | −0.02 | (0.06) | −0.02 | (0.07) | −0.04 | (0.06) |
| Physical health wave 7 | −0.25** | (0.08) | −0.00 | (0.01) | −0.26** | (0.08) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.12 | (0.06) | −0.16** | (0.05) | −0.27** | (0.09) |
| Effects of racism wave 9 on | ||||||
| Income wave 9 | −0.07 | (0.04) | – | – | −0.07 | (0.04) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.01 | (0.05) | −0.00 | (0.00) | 0.01 | (0.04) |
| Effects of income wave 7 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.11 | (0.06) | – | – | 0.11 | (0.06) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.02 | (0.06) | 0.10 | (0.04) | 0.12 | (0.05) |
| Effects of income wave 9 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 9 |
0.06 |
(0.04) |
– |
– |
0.06 |
(0.04) |
| 50–59 year olds | ||||||
| Effects of racism wave 7 on | ||||||
| Income wave 7 | −0.16* | (0.08) | – | – | −0.16* | (0.08) |
| Income wave 9 | −0.05 | (0.05) | −0.10* | (0.05) | −0.15** | (0.05) |
| Physical health wave 7 | −0.22 | (0.12) | −0.03 | (0.02) | −0.25 | (0.11) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.04 | (0.11) | −0.19 | (0.08) | −0.15 | (0.09) |
| Effects of racism wave 9 on | ||||||
| Income wave 9 | 0.01 | (0.09) | – | – | 0.01 | (0.09) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.07 | (0.09) | 0.00 | (0.00) | −0.07 | (0.09) |
| Effects of income wave 7 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.18** | (0.06) | – | – | 0.18** | (0.06) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.06 | (0.05) | 0.14* | (0.06) | 0.20** | (0.06) |
| Effects of income wave 9 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 9 |
0.02 |
(0.05) |
– |
– |
0.02 |
(0.05) |
| Over 60s | ||||||
| Effects of racism wave 7 on | ||||||
| Income wave 7 | −0.04 | (0.04) | – | – | −0.04 | (0.04) |
| Income wave 9 | −0.03 | (0.02) | −0.02 | (0.03) | −0.05 | (0.04) |
| Physical health wave 7 | −0.10 | (0.06) | −0.00 | (0.00) | −0.11 | (0.06) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.00 | (0.07) | −0.07 | (0.04) | −0.07 | (0.08) |
| Effects of racism wave 9 on | ||||||
| Income wave 9 | 0.00 | (0.02) | – | – | 0.00 | (0.02) |
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.05 | (0.04) | −0.00 | (0.00) | −0.05 | (0.04) |
| Effects of income wave 7 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 7 | 0.10** | (0.03) | – | – | 0.10** | (0.03) |
| Physical health wave 9 | 0.08** | (0.03) | 0.02 | (0.04) | 0.10** | (0.03) |
| Effects of income wave 9 on | ||||||
| Physical health wave 9 | −0.07 | (0.04) | – | – | −0.07 | (0.04) |
Chi square (d.f.) 614.08 (227)***RMSEA 0.041 (0.037–0.044) CFI 0.95 TLI 0.93.
Source: Understanding Society waves 7 and 9, n = 5190 across 5 groups. Adjusted for complex survey design. Model also adjusts for age and gender. *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001.