Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of study participants divided into offspring of mothers without diabetes (controls) and offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (cases)

	Controls n = 84	Cases n = 75	P-value
Age (years), mean (SD)	20.6 (1.6)	20.5 (1.6)	0.77
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)	24.1 (4.8)	24.5 (5.0)	0.64
Body fat percentage (%), mean (SD)
Women	30.1 (9.2)	32.9 (7.7)	0.099
Men	18.4 (8.0)	19.3 (10.8)	0.72
BP (mmHg), mean (SD)
Systolic	119 (11)	117 (12)	0.23
Diastolic	74 (7)	74 (9)	0.66
Comorbidity, n (%)
Asthma	11 (13)	9 (12)	0.89
Atopy	7 (8)	10 (14)	0.28
Cardiovascular disease	4 (5)	5 (7)	0.73
Inflammatory bowel disease	3 (4)	7 (10)	0.19
Mental and behavioral diseases	18 (21)	11 (15)	0.31
Neurologic diseases	10 (12)	12 (16)	0.41
Psoriasis	1 (1)	3 (4)	0.34
Rheumatic diseases	2 (2)	0 (0)	0.50
Fasting insulin (mU/L), mean (SD)	10.6 (6.5)	11.2 (9.1)	0.65
Glucose (mmol/l), mean (SD)
0-h	5.40 (0.43)	5.39 (0.41)	0.84
2-h	5.62 (1.43)	5.85 (1.64)	0.34
HbA1c (mmol/mol; %), mean (SD)	33 (2); 5.13 (0.20)	33 (3); 5.15 (0.25)	0.54
High sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L), mean (SD)	1.4 (1.9)	2.0 (4.9)	0.56
LTPA (MET-h/week), median (IQR)	24.3 (11.6, 41.3)	24.1 (13.8, 34.7)	0.89
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)	89 (7)	88 (9)	0.41
Pulse pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)	45 (8)	43 (9)	0.26
Pulse rate (bpm), mean (SD)	76 (12)	75 (12)	0.74
Smoking, n (%)
No	62 (74)	60 (80)	0.50
Occasionally	12 (14)	10 (13)
Continuously	10 (12)	5 (7)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD)	4.31 (0.65)	4.40 (0.75)	0.41
LDL (mmol/L), mean (SD)	2.56 (0.66)	2.59 (0.70)	0.73
HDL (mmol/L), mean (SD)
Women	1.65 (0.38)	1.68 (0.39)	0.70
Men	1.38 (0.30)	1.45 (0.32)	0.37
Triglycerides (mmol/l), mean (SD)
Women	0.97 (0.48)	0.94 (0.62)	0.81
Men	0.94 (0.35)	0.85 (0.34)	0.39
Women, n (%)	55 (65)	50 (67)	0.87

LTPA leisure-time physical activity, MET-h Metabolic equivalent of task-hours, SD standard deviation