Table 4.
Patient Characteristics and Three-Year-Old Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Patients Without a Genetic Anomaly According to Hypoglycemia Status
| Variable | Moderate to severe hypoglycemia (n = 6) |
No to mild hypoglycemia (n = 163) |
pa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Age at surgery, median (IQR), mo | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 3.8 (0.6–7.4) | 0.08 |
| ≤ 60 d, n (%) | 5 (83) | 55 (34) | 0.03 |
| RACHS-1 category ≥ 3 or not assignable, n (%) | 6 (100) | 84 (52) | 0.03 |
| Single ventricle physiology, n (%) | 1 (17) | 43 (27) | 0.67 |
| Premature birth (< 37 weeks), n (%)b | 2 (33) | 17 (10) | 0.14 |
| Maternal education: high school diploma or lower, n (%)c | 2 (33) | 37 (23) | 0.63 |
| Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass ≥ 150 min, n (%) | 3 (50) | 31 (19) | 0.07 |
| Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, n (%) | 1 (17) | 29 (18) | 0.99 |
| Delayed sternal closure, n (%) | 2 (33) | 18 (11) | 0.15 |
| Tight glycemic control, n (%) | 4 (67) | 68 (42) | 0.40 |
| Cardiac ICU duration of stay, n (%), d | 0.003 | ||
| < 2 | 0 | 65 (40) | |
| 2–4.99 | 1 (17) | 60 (37) | |
| ≥ 5 | 5 (83) | 38 (23) | |
| Bayley-III scoresd | |||
| Age at testing, mean ± SD, mo | 38.2 ± 2.6 | 36.9 ± 2.6 | 0.15 |
| Composite scores, mean ± SD | |||
| Cognitive | 93.0 ± 9.1 | 99.2 ± 11.8 | 0.27 |
| Language | 101.4 ± 13.5 | 105.0 ± 14.5 | 0.57 |
| Motor | 87.7 ± 20.4 | 96.6 ± 13.8 | 0.15 |
| Subscale scores, mean ± SD | |||
| Cognitive | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 0.27 |
| Receptive communication | 10.8 ± 2.2 | 11.0 ± 2.5 | 0.86 |
| Expressive communication | 9.2 ± 2.5 | 10.6 ± 2.7 | 0.18 |
| Fine motor | 9.0 ± 3.0 | 10.0 ± 2.5 | 0.41 |
| Gross motor | 6.8 ± 4.2 | 8.8 ± 2.5 | 0.07 |
Bayley-III Bayley scales of infant and toddler development, third edition, RACHS-1 Risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery
ap values for the comparison between groups were calculated with the use of linear regression for continuous variables (except stratified Wilcoxon rank-sum test for age at surgery) or stratified exact tests for categorical variables, with adjustment for site
b Premature birth not available for 1 patient with no to mild hypoglycemia (adopted, birth history unknown)
c Maternal education not available for 4 patients with no to mild hypoglycemia
d Bayley-III cognitive and language composite scores and cognitive and receptive language subscale scores were not available for 1 patient with moderate to severe hypoglycemia. Bayley-III motor composite score and gross motor subscale score were not available for 1 patient with no to mild hypoglycemia