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. 2022 Sep 7;18(4):267–296. doi: 10.1007/s13181-022-00910-6

Table 21.

Cardiovascular agents by type

N (%)
Alpha-2 agonist 219 (31.6)
  Clonidine 163 (23.5)
  Guanfacine 54 (7.8)
  Miscellaneousa 2 (0.3)
Beta blockers 154 (22.2)
  Propranolol 60 (8.7)
  Metoprolol 52 (7.5)
  Carvedilol 22 (3.2)
  Atenolol 6 (0.9)
  Miscellaneousb 14 (2.0)
Calcium channel blocker 104 (15.0)
  Amlodipine 72 (10.4)
  Diltiazem 12 (1.7)
  Verapamil 11 (1.6)
  Nifedipine 9 (1.3)
Other antihypertensives and vasodilators 61 (8.8)
  Prazosin 43 (6.2)
  Hydralazine 8 (1.2)
  Miscellaneousc 10 (1.4)
ACEI/ARB 55 (7.9)
  Lisinopril 31 (4.5)
  Losartan 15 (2.2)
  Miscellaneousd 9 (1.3)
Diuretics 36 (5.2)
  Hydrochlorothiazide 19 (2.7)
  Spironolactone 7 (1.0)
  Furosemide 5 (0.7)
  Miscellaneouse 5 (0.7)
Cardiac glycosides 27 (3.9)
  Digoxin 26 (3.8)
  Digitoxin 1 (0.1)
Antidysrhythmics and other CV agents 19 (2.7)
  Flecainide 7 (1.0)
  Miscellaneousf 12 (1.7)
Antihyperlipidemic 18 (2.6)
  Atorvastatin 10 (1.4)
  Miscellaneousg 8 (1.2)
Class total 693 (100)

aIncludes xylazine and dexmedetomidine

bIncludes nebivolol, nadolol, labetalol, bisoprolol, and acebutolol

cIncludes tamsulosin, isosorbide, terazosin, nitroprusside, isobutyl nitrite, doxazosin, and antihypertensive unspecified

dIncludes valsartan, enalapril, perindopril, fosinopril, sacubitril and candesartan

eIncludes chlorthalidone, bumetanide, and acetazolamide

fIncludes sotalol, quinidine, propafenone, cardiovascular agent unspecified, amiodarone, and midodrine

gIncludes simvastatin, pravastatin, fenofibrate, and ezetimibe