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. 2022 Sep 1;14(1):2107387. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2107387

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 8. — Activation of Liver X receptor by secondary BAs downregulates chemokines in THP-1 derived macrophages. a. Schematic illustration. After incubation with 100 ng/ml PMA for 48 h to differentiate into macrophages, THP-1 derived macrophages were pretreated with 100 μM secondary BAs (LCA, DCA or HDCA) and 10 μM an antagonist of LXR (GSK2033) for 24 h, and then stimulated with 500 ng/ml LPS for 1 h. b-c. Relative mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL6 (b) and IL1β (c) in THP1 cells. d-e. Relative mRNA expression of chemokines CCL2 (d) and CCL8 (e) in THP1 cells. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001, ****P < .0001. ns: not significant. CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; DCA, deoxycholic acid; HDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid; IL, interleukin; LCA, lithocholic Acid; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; PMA, Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate.