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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mod Pathol. 2021 Oct 14;35(2):274–282. doi: 10.1038/s41379-021-00942-3

Figure 1 – Histopathologic findings in vulvovaginal squamous cell carcinomas.

Figure 1 –

(A) HPV-associated vulvovaginal squamous cell carcinomas are often moderately/poorly differentiated and are associated with a usual vulvar/vaginal intraepithelial neoplasm. (B) HPV-independent vulvovaginal squamous cell carcinomas can be well/moderately/poorly differentiated and are associated with a differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasm. (C) Frequent tumor budding was seen in vulvovaginal squamous cell carcinomas with NOTCH signaling pathway alterations. (D) A case of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is shown which was shown on high risk HPV ISH to be positive for HPV infection (E); further investigation showed this sample to harbor TERT and TP53 mutations and presence of a low-risk HPV (HPV 10) infection. The positive ISH result is likely a false positive finding.