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. 2022 Jul 4;14(1):2094672. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2094672

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Oxidative and reductive branch of Stickland metabolism in C. difficile.

Graphical representation of the oxidative and reductive Stickland pathways. A) Oxidation of a myriad of amino acids takes place in the oxidative branch of Stickland metabolism resulting in 2 NADH molecules and 1 ATP molecule produced. B) Proline and glycine are used to regenerate NAD⁺ in the reductive branch. When excess proline is available in the surrounding environment and the NADH/NAD⁺ ratio in the cell is low, the PrdR activator promotes proline reductase (PR) expression to generate 5-aminovalerate and NAD⁺. Concurrently, Rex inhibits glycine reductase (GR). C) When proline levels are low and the NADH/NAD⁺ ratio is high, Rex is unable to inhibit glycine reductase allowing acetate formation. Proline reductase activity is not present. Created with BioRender.com.