Table 1.
Summary of Natural Compounds that Regulates Inflammasomes in Colitis Models.
| Bioactive Compound | Source | Target | Mechanism | Disease model | Impact to host | Toxicity Data | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astagalus Polysaccharide | Astragalus membranaceus | NF-κB | Inhibit NF-κB activation and expression of inflammasome components | DSS- colitis | Reduce DAI and histological injury scores | Not available | Tian et al. (35) |
| Oroxindin | Astragalus membranaceus | TXNIP, NF-κB |
Promote expression of TXNIP and suppress NF-κB activation | DSS- colitis | Suppress macrophages infiltration and attenuate pathological changes in colonic tissue | Not available | Liu et al. (11) |
| Evodiamine | Evodia rutaecarpa | NF-κB | Inhibit NF-κB activation | DSS- colitis | Ameliorate mice body weight loss, DAI, colon length shortening, colonic pathological damage | Not available | Shen et al. (36) |
| SBG Polysaccharide | Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi | NF-κB | Inhibit activation of NF-kB | DSS- colitis | Decrease DAI, colonic pathological damage, and reduce MPO activity | No observed toxicity (500 mg/ml, 0.4 ml/10 g p.o., 7 days in mouse) | Cui et al. (37) |
| DO polysaccharides | Dendrobium officinale (DO) | β-arrestin1 | Inhibit β-arrestin1 expression | DSS-colitis | Decrease mortality, alleviate colonic pathological damage | No observed toxicity (200 mg/kg/day p.o. for 7 days in mouse) | Liang et al. (10) |
| Arctigenin | Fructus Arctii (Great Burdock Achene) | SIRT1 | Suppress SIRT1 activation | DSS- colitis | Suppressed colon inflammation | Not available | Pu et al. (38) |
| Baicalein | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | MD-2 | Suppress MD-2 binding to TLR4 and block TLR4/MyD88 Signaling | TNBS colitis | Decrease the activity of MPO and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. | Not toxic to RAW264.7 cells (200μM within 48h) | Luo et al. (12) |
| Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamon | ROS | Prevent the production of ROS | DSS- colitis | Reduce loss of body weight, DAI, colon shortening and infiltration of inflammatory cells | Not toxic to RAW264.7 cells (100μM within 24h) | Qu et al. (39) |
| Flavonoid VI-16 | Fruit and vegetable | mitochondria ROS | Reduce the mitochondrial ROS | DSS- colitis | Reduce colitis severity | Not available | Zhao et al. (40) |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa species | K+ efflux, ROS and cathepsin B | Suppress K+ efflux, intracellular ROS formation and cathepsin B release | DSS- colitis | Suppress the colitis severity | Not available | Gong et al. (41) |
| Titanium dioxide | Food additive | ROS | Induce ROS production | DSS- colitis | Increase the severity of colitis | Not available | Ruiz et al. (42) |
| Luteolin and wedelolactone | Wedelia chinensis | IL-17 signaling pathway | Suppress genes in IL-17 signaling pathway | DSS- colitis | Suppress the colitis severity | Not available | Lin et al. (43) |
| Brusatol | Brucea javanica | NRF2 | Activate NRF2 | TNBS colitis | Attenuate diarrhea, colonic shortening, macroscopic damage and histological injury | Not toxic to RAW264.7 cells (200nM within 24h) | Zhou et al. (44) |
| Toosendanin | Melia toosendan Sieb et Zucc | NRF2/HO-1 | Upregulate NRF2/HO-1 expression | DSS- colitis | Ameliaorate DAI, shortened colon length, pathological damage of the colon tissues | Not available | Fan et al. (45) |
| Hydrogen sulfide | Diet | NRF2 | Upregulate NRF2 and Reduce ROS generation | DSS- colitis | Attenuate colitis severity, reduce colon shortening and colonic pathological damages | Not available | Qin et al. (46) |
| Norisoboldine | Radix Linderae | AhR | Activate AhR, elevated NRF2 and reduce level of ROS | TNBS colitis | Alleviate colitis related symptoms | Not toxic to THP-1 cells (30μM within 24h) | Lv et al. (13) |
| Cardamonin | Cardamom | AhR | Activate AhR/NRF2/NQO1 pathway | DSS-colitis, TNBS-colitis |
Reduce colitis severity | Not toxic to THP-1 and BMDM cells (100μM within 24h) | Wang et al. (47) |
| Palmatine | A number of herbs | PINK1/ Parkin |
Enhance the expression of PINK1 and parkin | DSS- colitis | Attenuate body weight loss and colon shortening, reduced DAI and histopathologic score | No observed toxicity (521 mg/kg/day, p.o.,90 days in mouse) | Mai et al. (48) |
| alpha-mangostin | A number of herbs | Not clear | Reduce NLRP3, caspase 1, IL-18, and IL-1β expression | LPS- colitis | Reduce severity of intestinal villi detachment, reduce congestion and hemorrhage, reduce epithelial cell nuclei deformation and the mitochondria swelling. | Not available | Yin et al. (49) |
| Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside | Lignans | NF-kB | Disruption of NF-kB activation and suppression of NLRP1 inflammasome | DSS- colitis | Attenuate the severity of colon inflammation and macrophage infiltration to the colon | Not toxic to RAW264.7 cells (25μM within 24h) | Wang et al. (50) |
| Apigenin | Plant and fruit | NLRP6 | Reshape gut microbiota | DSS- colitis | Protect mice from colon damage | Not available | Radulovic et al. (51) |
| Panaxynol | Ginseng | NRF2 | Activate NRF2 and reduce ROS | DSS- colitis | Reduce colitis severity | No observed toxicity (1mg/kg/day, p.o., 7 days in mouse) | Chaparala et al. (52) |
DAI, Disease activity index; AhR, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor