TABLE 1.
Characteristics of retrobulbar injection of amphotericin B and orbital exenteration with their outcomes
| Author/type of the study | Region | Number of cases | Retrobulbar Injection of amphotericin B | Protocol of retrobulbar amphotericin B injections | Globe salvage following retrobulbar injections, N (%) | Total orbital exenteration, N (%) | Survival following orbital exenteration | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Dosage | Frequency and intervals, N (%) | |||||||
| Sen et al.,35 retrospective observational study | India | 2,826 | 511/2,332 (21.9) | Liposomal or dexoycholate | Not mentioned. | Mean: 2 doses (range: 1–9) | 377/381 (99.0) | 339/2,327 (14.6) | 128/164 (78.0) |
| Ramamurthy et al.,25 prospective study | India | 75 (82 eyes) | 82 (100) | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | 3 doses: 64 (78.0), 5 doses: 15 (18.3), <3 doses: 3 (3.7); on alternate days |
70/82 (85.4) | 12/82 (14.6) | Not mentioned. |
| Choksi et al.,26 retrospective case-control study | India | 73 | 18 (24.7) | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | 1 dose: 7 (38.9), 2 doses: 4 (22.2), 3 doses: 4 (22.2), 2–3 doses with variable intervals: 3 (17); on alternate days |
15/18 (83.3) | 5/52 (9.6) | 3/5 (60.0) |
| Arora et al.,28 cross-sectional study | India | 60 | 6 (10) | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | 3 doses: 6 (100), daily | 6/6 (100) | 2/60 (3.3) | 2/2 (100) |
| Dave et al.,30 retrospective interventional study | India | 58 | 1 (1.7) | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | 5 doses, daily | Yes | 22/60 (36.7) | Not mentioned. |
| Nair et al.,54 retrospective study | India | 13 | 5 (38.5) | Liposomal | Not mentioned. | 2 doses: 2 (40), 3 doses: 3 (60) |
4/5 (80.0) | 8/13 (61.5) | 8/8 (100) |
| Bayram et al.,27 prospective observational study | Turkey | 11 | 11 (100) | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | 2.2 ± 0.6 doses: 5 (45.5), 2.3 ± 0.5 doses: 6 (54.5); interval: 2–8 days (intravitreal injections in 6 cases) | 11/11 (100) | 0/11 (0) | – |
| Singh et al.,33 case series | India | 6 | 3 (50.0) | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | 1 dose: 1 (16.7), 4 doses: 1 (16.7), 5 doses: 1 (16.7); interval: 2–10 days |
3/3 (100) | 0/3 (0) | – |
| Jhunjhunwala et al.,55 case series | India | 4 | 4 (100) | Not mentioned. | Not mentioned in details. | 2 doses: 2 (40), 3 doses: 3 (60) |
4/4 (100) | 0/4 (0) | – |
| Murthy et al.,32 case report | India | 2 | 2 (100) | Deoxycholate | 2 ml/10 mg | 5 doses: 2 (100); daily | 2/2 (100) | 0/2 (0) | – |
| Diwakar et al.,29 case report | India | 2 | 2 (100) | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | Multiple doses: 2 (100); on alternate days | 0/2 (0) | 2/2 (100) | 2/2 (100) |
| Mekonnen et al,31 case report | USA | 1 | Yes | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | 3 doses, daily | Yes* | No* | - |
| Singh et al.,34 case report | India | 1 | Yes | Liposomal | 1 ml/3.5 mg | 3 doses, daily | Yes | No | – |
| Total | 3,132 | 647/2,645 (24.4) | Frequency: 1–9 doses; intervals: 1–10 days | 494/520 (95.0) | 390/2,619 (14.9) | 143/181 (79.0) | |||
*
The patient was intubated and ICU admitted, and orbital exenteration was not possible.