TABLE 2.
Indications, other outcomes, and side effects of retrobulbar injection of amphotericin B
| Author/ Type of the study | Region | Number of cases with retrobulbar injections | Indications | Other Outcomes (except globe salvage), N (%) | Side Effects, N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sen et al.,35 retrospective observational study | India | 511 | They are not mentioned. | Vision salvage: 126/330 (38) | They are not mentioned. |
| Ramamurthy et al.,25 prospective study | India | 82 | • Orbital disease in COVID-19-positive patients and who were oxygen dependent. • Reducing the disease load for the patients who candidate for huge orbital surgeries. |
• Retained/improved vision: 52 (63.4) • Pain relief: 59 (71.9) • Reduced swelling/eyelid edema: 48 (58.5) • Improvement of drooping: 17 (20.7) • Reduced chemosis: 11 (13.4) • Reduced proptosis: 5 (6.1) • Reduced ptosis: 10 (12.0) • Improved ocular motility: 14 (17.1) |
• Transient swelling at the site of injection: 4 (4.9) • Worsening of vision: 2 (2.4) • Worsening of ocular motility restriction: 2 (2.4) • Transient orbital inflammation with an increase in chemosis and conjunctival congestion: 19 (23.2) (Seen in patients with repeated injections) |
| Choksi et al.,26 retrospective case-control study | India | 18 | They are not mentioned. | • Stable ophthalmic condition: 8 (44) • Improved ophthalmic signs: 2 (11) • 5 (28) patients died, compared with 12 of 29 (41) who did not receive retrobulbar amphotericin (P = 0.63). |
Worsening of: • Eyelid edema: 8 (44) • Chemosis: 6 (33) • Extraocular movement restriction: 4 (22) • Ptosis: 2 (11) (All them were seen in patients with repeated injections) |
| Arora et al.,28 cross-sectional study | India | 6 | Stage 3 ROCM with diffuse or apical enhancement on contrast-enhanced MRI. | They are not mentioned. | They are not mentioned. |
| Dave et al.,30 retrospective interventional study | India | 1 | Localized orbital apex involvement with contrast uptake in MRI. | They are not mentioned. | They are not mentioned. |
| Singh et al.,33 case series | India | 6 | • Visual loss • Localized orbital apex involvement with contrast uptake in MRI |
• Improved vision: 1 (16.7) • Reduced ptosis: 2 (33.4) |
They are not mentioned. |
| Diwakar et al.,29 case report | India | 2 | To halt orbital disease progression in 2 pediatric patients with cerebral involvement. | They are not mentioned. | They are not mentioned. |
| Mekonnen et al.,31 case report | USA | 1 | To halt orbital disease progression in an intubated and ICU-admitted patient (without the possibility of orbital exenteration). | They are not mentioned. | They are not mentioned. |
| Singh et al.,34 case report | India | 1 | • Moderate to severe visual loss • Subtle localized orbital enhancement (on MRI) with cranial neuropathy • Moderate to diffuse orbital enhancement or apical enhancement of orbit on contrast MRI • Loss of enhancement of surgically accessible orbital area (not involving apex) |
• Improved vision • Reduced ptosis • Reduced proptosis • Reduced ophthalmoplegia |
Transient periorbital swelling. |