Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of hospitalized patients with acute heart failure (HF)
| All patients | Ivabradine | Reference group | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 126) | (N = 63) | (N = 63) | ||
| Age (years) (median [IQR]) | 54.0 (36.0, 64) | 45.0 (35.0, 64.0) | 60.0 (47.5, 63.5) | .069 |
| Male, N (%) | 50 (39.7) | 22 (34.9) | 28 (44.4) | .363 |
| Previous coronary revascularization, N (%) | 31 (24.6) | 13 (20.6) | 18 (28.6) | .408 |
| Previous valvular operation, N (%) | 5 (4.0) | 4 (6.3) | 1 (1.6) | .361 |
| Myocarditis, N (%) | 9 (7.1) | 7 (11.1) | 2 (3.2) | .166 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 51 (40.5) | 23 (36.5) | 28 (44.4) | .468 |
| Diabetic mellitus, N (%) | 47 (37.3) | 17 (27.0) | 30 (47.6) | .027 |
| Chronic kidney disease, N (%) | 37 (29.4) | 14 (22.2) | 23 (36.5) | .118 |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 32 (25.4) | 15 (23.8) | 17 (27.0) | .838 |
| BMI > 28 kg/m2, N (%) | 25 (19.8) | 15 (23.8) | 10 (15.9) | .372 |
| Smoking, N (%) | 49 (38.9) | 21 (33.3) | 28 (44.4) | .273 |
| COPD, N (%) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 1 |
| Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, N (%) | 18 (14.3) | 11 (17.5) | 7 (11.1) | .445 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) (mean [SD]) | 133 (23.4) | 135 (24.2) | 131 (22.5) | .056 |
| eGFR (ml/min) (median [IQR]) | 74.1 (51.8, 100.5) | 66.3 (47.3, 89.8) | 84.4 (56.9, 109.0) | .322 |
| ACEI/ARB, N (%) | 67 (53.2) | 28 (44.4) | 39 (61.9) | .074 |
| ARNI, N (%) | 22 (17.5) | 12 (19.0) | 10 (15.9) | .814 |
| Spironolactone, N (%) | 86 (68.3) | 40 (63.5) | 46 (73.0) | .339 |
| Oral digitalis, N (%) | 39 (31.0) | 20 (31.7) | 19 (30.2) | 1 |
| Oral diuretics on discharge, N (%) | 90 (71.4) | 42 (66.7) | 48 (76.2) | .324 |
| Device therapy, N (%) | 4 (3.2) | 3 (4.8) | 1 (1.6) | .611 |
| Type of acute HF, N (%) | .001 | |||
| De novo HF | 24 (19.0) | 20 (31.7) | 4 (6.3) | .001 |
| Decompensated chronic HF | 102 (81.0) | 43 (68.3) | 59 (93.7) | .001 |
| PASP (mmHg) (median [IQR]) | 34.0 (26.0, 46.0) | 32.0 (25.0, 44.0) | 40.0 (30.0, 49.5) | .022 |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor‐NEP inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; NEP, neprilysin; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure.