Table 5.
Serum and urine metabolites that significantly changed among DPN mild, moderate, and severe groups
| Sample | Class | Name | Mod-Mild | Sev-Mild | Sev-Mod | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| P | VIP | FC | P | VIP | FC | P | VIP | FC | |||
| Serum | Amino Acids | β-Alanine | 0.221 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 1.46E-02 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.17 | 1.2 | 1 |
| Ratio of β-Alanine/L-Aspartic acid | 0.534 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 4.82E-02 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.179 | 1.2 | 1.3 | ||
| L-Kynurenine | 4.12E-02 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 2.00E-02 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.399 | 0.8 | 1.2 | ||
| Alkylamines | Hydroxylamine | 0.498 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 4.12E-02 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.64E-02 | 2.1 | 1.3 | |
| Putrescine | 4.47E-02 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.663 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.345 | 1.1 | 0.7 | ||
| Urine | Amino Acids | D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid | 0.505 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.112 | 2 | 1.4 | 3.57E-02 | 2.9 | 1.4 |
| Glycine | 1.02E-02 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.386 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.319 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||
| Carbohydrates | L-Arabinose | 0.228 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.052 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.79E-02 | 2.8 | 1.9 | |
| D-Xylose | 0.099 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.71E-02 | 2 | 1.4 | 0.23 | 0.9 | 1.1 | ||
| Organic Acids | Adipic acid | 0.054 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.426 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 4.50E-02 | 2.6 | 1.2 | |
| cis-Aconitic acid | 2.19E-02 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 4.57E-02 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.583 | 0.4 | 1.1 | ||
Note: Differential metabolites were selected according to P<0.05, VIP>1, and FC>1. ANOVA was conducted in the comparison among DPN different degrees. T-test was performed in the comparison between two groups. DPN, Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; VIP, Variable influence on projection; FC, Fold change; ANOVA, Wilcoxon test and analysis of variance.