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Immunological response of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory T cells before and 28 days after administration of the booster dose to three groups. Intracellular staining of cytokines in (A) spike-specific CD8+ T cells and (B) spike-specific CD4+ T cells. (C) Th1/Th2 cytokine production by T cells using bead-based cytokine assay. (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.005, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.001). Abbreviations: IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL-13, interleukin 13; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
