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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 1;80(3):334–341. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000001324

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Discrete cAMP signals and microdomain distributions of βARs. A) β1AR-induced cAMP signaling is far-reaching, whereas β2AR-induced cAMP signaling is locally confined and Internalized β2ARs may continue to signal in myocytes. B) In healthy cardiomyocytes, β1ARs distribute widely across the cell surface33,34, while β2ARs are localized to T-tubules and caveoli. C) Stimulation with a βAR agonist induces a redistribution of β1ARs into T-tubules32 and possible internalization into endosomes, although this has not been directly confirmed in mature cardiac myocytes.