TABLE 2.
Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the associations of phytosterol intake with overall survival among 703 ovarian cancer patients*.
| Characteristics | Tertiles of intake (mg/d)** | P trend† | Continuous‡ | ||
| Total phytosterols | < 43.10 | 43.10–61.55 | ≥ 61.55 | ||
| Deaths, N (% of total deaths) | 51 (39.23) | 34 (26.15) | 45 (34.62) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) | 0.73 (0.49–1.09) | 0.18 | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.56 (0.36–0.88) | 0.71 (0.47–1.06) | 0.14 | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.49 (0.31–0.79) | 0.64 (0.40–1.03) | 0.11 | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) |
| Campestanol | < 0.35 | 0.35–0.56 | ≥ 0.56 | ||
| Deaths, N (% of total deaths) | 46 (35.38) | 42 (32.31) | 42 (32.31) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.90 (0.59–1.38) | 0.86 (0.56–1.30) | 0.49 | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.78 (0.51–1.20) | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) | 0.38 | 0.89 (0.73–1.07) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.73 (0.46–1.16) | 0.70 (0.38–1.30) | 0.31 | 0.77 (0.51–1.16) |
| β -Sitostanol | < 2.04 | 2.04–2.95 | ≥ 2.95 | ||
| Deaths, N (% of total deaths) | 52 (40.00) | 32 (24.62) | 46 (35.38) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.58 (0.37–0.91) | 0.77 (0.52–1.15) | 0.30 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.55 (0.35–0.86) | 0.77 (0.52–1.15) | 0.32 | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.48 (0.30–0.76) | 0.65 (0.39–1.09) | 0.16 | 0.72 (0.54–0.96) |
| Campesterol | < 5.13 | 5.13–7.51 | ≥ 7.51 | ||
| Deaths, N (% of total deaths) | 53 (40.77) | 33 (25.38) | 44 (33.85) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.55 (0.36–0.87) | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.11 | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.51 (0.33–0.81) | 0.64 (0.43–0.97) | 0.06 | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.52 (0.33–0.83) | 0.54 (0.31–0.94) | < 0.05 | 0.67 (0.47–0.94) |
| Stigmasterol | < 5.84 | 5.84–8.26 | ≥ 8.26 | ||
| Deaths, N (% of total deaths) | 52 (40.00) | 36 (27.69) | 42 (32.31) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.68 (0.44–1.05) | 0.72 (0.48–1.08) | 0.14 | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.60 (0.39–0.94) | 0.67 (0.44–1.02) | 0.09 | 0.79 (0.66–0.96) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.53 (0.33–0.84) | 0.60 (0.37–0.98) | 0.07 | 0.69 (0.53–0.90) |
| ß-Sitosterol | < 30.54 | 30.54–43.18 | ≥ 43.18 | ||
| Deaths, N (% of total deaths) | 51 (39.23) | 36 (27.69) | 43 (33.08) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.67 (0.45–1.01) | 0.07 | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) | 0.07 | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.61 (0.39–0.97) | 0.63 (0.40–0.99) | 0.06 | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; Ref, reference.
*Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI were calculated through the Cox proportional hazards regression model.
**Adjusted for energy by the residual method.
†Test for trend based on variables containing the median value for each group.
‡Continuous intakes were calculated by per standard deviation increase.
Model 1 was adjusted for age at diagnosis (< 50 or ≥ 50 years) and total energy (continuous, kcal/day).
Model 2 same as Model 1 and further adjusted for education (junior secondary or below, senior high school/technical secondary school, and junior college/university or above), cigarette smoking (yes or no), alcohol drinking (yes or no), monthly household income (< 5, 5–10, ≥ 10 RMB; thousand yuan), dietary change (yes or no), menopausal status (yes or no), parity (≤ 1, ≥ 2), body mass index (continuous, kg/m2), and physical activity (continuous, MET/hours/day).
Model 3 same as Model 2 and further adjusted for International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (I–II, III–IV, and unknown), histological type (serous or non-serous), histopathologic grade (well, moderate, and poorly differentiated), residual lesions (none, < 1, and ≥ 1 cm), and comorbidities (yes or no), isoflavone (continuous, mg/day), and monounsaturated fatty acid intake (continuous, g/day).