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. 2022 Aug 25;13:951595. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.951595

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Jiang, Yang, Zhang, Zhu, Liu, Zhang, Li, Xu and Shen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gender-specificity of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on depressive symptom and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. (A) Change in the total score of 17 items Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17) from baseline to post-intervention at 4 weeks in male and female patients. (B,C) Change in the concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (B) and cortisol (COR) (C) from baseline to post-intervention at 4 weeks in male and female patients. rTMS group significantly different from the sham group was marked by asterisks. *p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.001, compared with the sham group. Graphs show mean ± SEM; n = 68.